Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 14, Issue 5, 1-3Review Article


A REVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 1, 3-DIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

WAGHMARE SWEETI MOHAN, BARVE KOMAL B., RUCHAKE NIKITA K.*

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shantiniketan College of Pharmacy, Dhotre (BK), Ahmednagar 414304
Email: waghmaresweeti11@gmail.com

Received: 20 Jun 2022, Revised and Accepted: 05 Aug 2022

ABSTRACT

1,3-diazole is also known as imidazole.1, 3-diazole is amphoteric in nature i.e. it shows both acidic and basic properties 1, 3-diazole is a five-member heterocyclic aromatic compound that possesses two nitrogen, three carbon, four hydrogen atom and two double bond. It has two nitrogen atom are present; both nitrogen atom are sp2 hybridized. It contains two nitrogen atoms, in which one nitrogen bear a hydrogen atom, and the other is called pyrrole type nitrogen. The derivatives of 1,3-diazole show different biological activities such as. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-tubercular activities, etc. as reported in the literature. There are different examples of commercially available drugs in the market which contains a 1,3-diazole ring, such as Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Enilconazole, Sulconazole etc This present review summarized some pharmacological activities and various kinds of synthetic routes for 1, 3-diazoleand their derived products.

Keywords: 1, 3-diazole, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Anti-tubercular, Heterocyclic, Biological active

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2022v14i5.2030 Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal chemistry is the discipline concerned with determining the influence of chemical structure on biological activity [1]. Medicinal chemistry is concerns with the discovery, development, interpretation and identification of the mechanism of action of biological active compound at the molecule level [2]. It containing two nitrogen atom in a five-membered aromatic azole ring have received special attention in recent years as reported imidazole ring are widely employed as spin trapping species in the interesting application of designing drug with neuroprotective activity [3, 4]. A great deal of azole based antibacterial antifungal agent have been extensively studied as a drug candidates and some of them have used in clinic, for instance, Itraconazole, fluconazole, Posaconazole and voriconazole which suggest the great development value of azole compound [5]. Antifungal agents are common immune compromised patients as reflected in their chemotherapy-acquired immune deficiency syndrome or organ transplantation [6]. The over use of antifungal agents increased the opportunistic pathogens resistance [7].

Lafleur M. D et al. studies on 1-substituted-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethyl)-1H-imidazole derivatives and checked their Anti-fungal activity [8]

Fig. 1: 1-(2-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)-1H-imidazole

Molecular formula: C18H14Cl4N2O

Molecular weight: 416.127 gmol-1

Melting point: 159-163 °C

Synonyms: Miconazole

Lloyd D. H et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives shows antifungal activity [9]

Fig. 2: 1-[(2-clorophenyl) diphenyl methyl] imidazole

Molecular formula: C22H17ClN2

Molecular weight: 344.84 gmol-1

Melting point: 148 °C

Synonyms: Lotrimin

Wang X. L et al. synthesized a series of 1, 3-diazole derivatives where this compound showed good antifungal and antibacterial activity [10]

Fig. 3: 1-[2-[(2-clorothiophene-3-y1) methoxy]-2-(2,4-diclorophenylethyl) imidazole

Molecular formula: C16H13Cl13N2O5

Molecular weight: 387.70 gmol-1

Melting point: 82.8 °C

Synonyms: INN Spanish

MT uncbilek M, Kiper T et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives and tested for their antifungal activity using the standard method [11].

Fig. 4: 1-[2-[(4-clorophenyl)methoxy ]-2(2,4-diclorophenyl)ethyl)]imidazole

Molecular formula: C18H15Cl3N2O

Molecular weight: 381.68 gmol-1

Melting point: 162 °C

Synonyms: Econazole nitrate

Sharma S., Gangal S. et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives and antifungal screening of 1-[2-(2,4-diclorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole against antifungal activity [12].

Fig. 5: 1-[2-(2,4-diclorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole

Molecular formula: C14H14Cl2N2O

Molecular weight: 297.2 gmol-1

Melting point: 50 °C

Boiling point: 374 °C

Synonyms: Imazalil

Khan Z. K et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives shows antifungal activity [13]

Fig. 6: 1-(2-{[(4-clorophenyl)methyl]sulfanyl}-2-(2,4-diclorophenyl)ethyl)-1H imidazole

Molecular formula: C18H15Cl3H2S

Molecular weight: 397.75 gmol-1

Melting point: 558.2 °C

Boiling point: 130.5 °C-132 °C

Synonym: Sulcanazolum

Rani N., Sharma A et al. synthesized1, 3-diazole derivatives and tested for their antifungal activity using the standard method [14].

Fig. 7: 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole

Molecular formula: C22H18N2

Molecular weight: 310.392 gmol-1

Melting point: 142 °C

Boiling point: 491.7 °C

Synonyms: Trifonazole

Antibacterial agent

Dhainaut A., Tizot A et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives describe antibacterial activity substituted ring [15]

Fig. 8: 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-{[4-(phenylsalfanyl) phenyl ]methoxy}ethyl]-1H-imidazole

Molecular formula: C24H20CI2N2O

Molecular weight: 455.40 gmol-1

Melting point: 139 °C

Boiling point: 579.8 °C

Synonyms: fenizolan

Sharma D. et al. synthesized 1, 3-diazole derivatives shows antibacterial activity [16]

Fig. 9: 1-2(ethylsulfonylethyl)-2-methyl-5nitroimidazole

Molecular formula: C8H13N3O4S

Molecular weight: 247.27 gmol-1

Melting point: 127 °C-128 °C

Synonyms: Tindamax

CONCLUSION

A novel series of 1, 3-diazole derivatives on the basis of various literature survey shows different activity against the anti-bacterial and antifungal activity. Various recent new drugs developments in 1, 3-diazole derivatives show better effect.

FUNDING

Nil

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

All the authors have contributed equally.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declared none

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