Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 10, Issue 8, 72-76Original Article
CYTOTOXICITY OF METABOLITES PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS CLADOSPORIUM SP. ISOLATED FROM MARINE MACROALGAE ON INVITRO MCF7, HELA, AND DU-145 CELL LINES
ASRI PENI WULANDARIa*, R. R. INDRY NOVIARIN EXAMINATIONa, MADIHAHa, DESI HARNETI PUTRI HUSPAb, PONIAH ANDAYANINGSIHa
aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, bDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM. 21, West Java, Indonesia 45363
Email: asri.peni@unpad.ac.id
Received: 07 Feb 2018 Revised and Accepted: 09 Jul 2018
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity effect of the crude ethyl acetate extract of Cladosporium sp. on MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines.
Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by tetrazolium reduction assay. The percentage of cell inhibition was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure with extract was observed under an inverted microscope.
Results: The ethyl acetate extract of the metabolite performed an anticancer activity for cancer cell line MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 with IC50 respectively 8.46 μg/ml; 9.87 μg/ml; and 98.03 μg/ml. The extract shows greater the anticancer activity and has strong antiproliferative on MCF-7 and HeLa cell line than DU-145. Confirmation morphological were observed under the inverted microscope showed a morphological change in cancer cells when incubated with the extract.
Conclusion: From the performed assay, the crude extract of Cladosporium sp. exhibit cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HeLA, and DU-145.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity, Cladosporium sp., Endophytic, Fungus, MTT assay
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i8.25181
INTRODUCTION
Nature has been an important source of novel anti-cancer drug leads, with increasing numbers of new compounds sourced from the marine environment. Macroalgae signify the second largest source of marine fungi after mangrove swamps [1]. Marine fungi have shown promising potential sources of new and proactive products as suggested by the chemical diversity of their secondary metabolites. As it seems that algae and their endophytic microorganism would be a good source of biologically active secondary metabolites [2] which have long been produced as an adaptation for specific functions in nature [3]. Some researchers have been able to isolate endophytic Cladosporum from different plant and macroalgae [4-11]. Inr this study, endophytes Cladosporium sp. was isolated from plant tissue host macroalgae Sargassum cinereum taken from the territorial waters of Pramuka Island, in Indonesia.
The use of crude extracts of metabolite compounds produced by Cladosporium sp. has been shown to show anticancer activity [4]. Testing of several bioactive compounds successfully isolated from Cladosporium spp. such as taxol [4, 5], Sporiolides A and B [6], Cladosporilactam A [7], Anhydro-fusarubin, Methyl ether of fusarubin, Cladosporol I and C [8], Cladosporone A [9] can demonstrate the powerful antiproliferative effect of cancer cell lines, thus the potency of metabolite from Cladosporium spp. could be developed as candidates of the anticancer drug.
In this studsy, using the human breast cancer adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) that causes the most death in women has been studied for its sensitivity to metabolites from Clasopdorium [4, 5, 11]. Type of other cancer cell lines cervical cancers (HeLa) that is commonly found in Indonesia. Human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) is the most common type of cancer in the elderly [12]. Both types of cancer cell lines have not reported any effects of proliferation with the use of extracts or active compounds from Cladosiporium spp.
Considering the potency of the medicinal uses of Cladosporium sp., the objective of this study investigates the in vitro cytotoxicity of the crude ethyl acetate extract of metabolite produced by Cladosporium sp. on MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fungal material
Cladosporium sp. EN-S01 was isolated from the marine brown algae Sargassum cinereum, collected from Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia. This fungus was identified by morphological features, including the characteristic of ascospores and colonies. The pure cultures were deposited in the Laboratorium of Microbiology, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran.
Cultivation and extraction
Cladosporium sp. was cultivated in 1 l Erlenmeyer flask containing saline water, Potato Dextrose Broth, CaCO3, yeast extract, and chloramphenicol. The culture was incubated at 25 °C for 5 d. The filtered broth was extracted with ethyl acetate then evaporated under vacuum in a rotary evaporator, to give 1 g of the dark brown viscous mass of the crude ethyl acetate extract.
Cell culture
Three human cancer cell lines were used to assess anticancer activity. MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines provided by Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Teaching Hospital Universitas Padjadjaran. Human cancer cell lines were maintained as monolayer cultures in RPMI, supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum and 1% of the antibiotic solution under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Cell was trypsinized confluent. A stock solution of crude ethyl acetate extracts of Cladosporium sp. was prepared in 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/ml. All the cells were incubated with the extract and dissolved in RPMI just before use, in order to maintain the same condition for all cell lines [13].
Tetrazolium reduction assay
The effect of anticancer from crude ethyl acetate extracts of Cladosporium sp., algae marine-derived fungus on MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines was evaluated through micro-culture tetrazolium assay (MTT) and 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (WST). In this study, the crude extract was tested in vitro by using WST CCK-8 kit [14], while MTT kit was used for HeLa and DU-145 cell line. In principle, the use of WST reagent works similarly to MTT by reacting with mitochondrial succinic-tetrazolium reductase which forms formazan dyes [15].
The assay was done with plated the cells in 96-multiwell culture plates at a density of 0.8 x 104–1 x 104 cells/well. Twenty-four hours after plating, the medium was discarded and fresh medium containing the extract of Cladosporium sp. at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/ml) and control (0 µg/ml) was added. After 48 h incubation with extracts, the reagent of WST CCK-8 or MTT kit was added at a final concentration of 0,5 mg/ml and incubated for 2 h, furthermore, the medium was removed.
To evaluate the effect on cell proliferation, the absorbance at the beginning of incubation was subtracted from all the experimental condition used, including the control. The results are expressed as the percentage of cell proliferation relative to control (untreated cells) carried out in duplicate. Percentage of cell viability (CV) was calculated manually using the formula:
% Cell Inhibition = 100–Abs (sample)/Abs (control) x 100
Positive values (between 0 and 100%) can be interpreted as inhibition of cell proliferation. A dose-response curve were plotted to enable the calculation of IC50. The IC50 values were determined using Probit Analysis. IC50 corresponds to the concentration of the extract that decreases the number of viable cells by 50%. In this case, the absorbance in the control corresponds to 100% viability.
Morphological analysis
Morphological observation of cell treated with crude ethyl acetate of fermented Cladosporium sp. extract from cytotoxicity study was done to determine the changes induced by the extracts. Morphological alteration such as cell shrinkage, membrane blabbing, rounded ad detached cells were observed for confirmation effect of cell death.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Antiproliferative effects of MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines
In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cladosporium sp. ethyl acetate extracts in MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines were cultured in the absence and presence of the crude extract of multiple concentrations. As shown in (table 1).
Table 1: In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cladosporium sp. ethyl acetate extracts in cell lines
| Concentration (μg/ml) | % Cell inhibition | ||
| MCF-7 | HeLa | DU-145 | |
| 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 1 | 31.49±9.90 | 32.66±5.44 | 6.31±10.18 |
| 10 | 51.42±5.25 | 50.10±4.39 | 28.32±21.82 |
| 100 | 55.18±0.73 | 54.34±1.42 | 50.24±6.88 |
| 1000 | 53.07±4.89 | 57.99±3.48 | 71.14±5.66 |
Result represent mean±standar deviation (n=3)
It was observed, the IC50 (concentration of the extract that decreases the number of viable cells by 50%) for each cell line was calculated from the dose-response curves (fig. 1-3). The crude extract of ethyl acetate exhibited significant activity against the MCF-7 and HeLa cell line with an IC50 values of 8.4 µg/ml and 9.87 µg/ml, however, DU-145 showed the only IC50 value of 98.03 µg/ml. Results showed that the fungal crude extract could significantly inhibit the viability of the cancer cells and have potential anticancer activity.
Fig. 1: Effect on antiproliferative of Cladosporium sp. on MCF-7 cell line
Fig. 2: Effect on antiproliferative of Cladosporium sp. on HeLa cell line
Fig. 3: Effect on antiproliferative of Cladosporium sp. on DU-145 cell line
The reduction in the number of cells was found to suppress the cell proliferation and indicated with has damaged its cell structure. Confirmation by observing the morphological changes of normal cells and their effects after exposure with extracts containing anticancer (fig. 4).
The living MCF-7 and HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines normally observed in epithelial and polygonal shape. Treatment of the cell lines with the ethyl acetate extract of Cladosporium sp. differ the appearance of the normal cells found to be irregular, aggregate, spherical in shape indicating damaged cells and spreading patterns were constrained The in vitro anticancer activity of the extract in MCF-7, HeLa, and DU-145 cells was mainly due to the induction of cell death. The characteristic is common to several chemotherapeutic drugs, which reveal an anticancer activity mainly due to their ability to induce DNA damage; if such DNA damage is not properly repaired, its accumulation ultimately ensues in cell death [16].
Fig. 4: (a) normal cell lines and (b) morphological alteration at 100 μg/ml (Magnification 100x)
DISCUSSION
The use of anticancer extracts from Cladosporium spp. have been evaluated in some of the most deadly cancer cell lines, such as colon cell lines (HCT-116 and HCT-15), breast (MCF-7 and T47D), prostate (PC-3), cervix (HeLa), Prostate (DU-145), Mouse lymphocytic leukemia (L1210) and Leukemia (K-562), Lung (A-549 and H446), Hepar (Huh7), Liver (LM3). Table 2 showed cytotoxicity of the compounds and crude extract of metabolite produced by Cladosporium spp.
This study to investigate the cytotoxicity of the crude extract of metabolite produced by Cladosporium sp. in vitro MCF-7, HeLa, an DU-145 cell lines. Similar studies using plant were reported. IC50 of Monarda citriodora on colon (HCT-116), breast MCF-7, prostate (PC-3) cell lines were<10 µg/ml. The present study contributes to evidence that the metabolites produced by endopytic fungus Cladosporium sp. isolated from marine macroalgae have potential anticancer activity on invitro MCF7, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines. Furthermore, this study is the first that evaluates antiproliferative effects on cell lines cervical cancers (HeLa) from a crude extract of Cladosporium sp.
Tabel 2: Cytotoxicity of the compounds and crude extract of metabolite produced by Cladosporium spp
| Species | Endophytic source | Solvent | Compound | Cell line | IC50 | Ref. |
| C. tenuissimum | Plant Monarda citriodora |
Methylene chloride |
Crude extract | Colon (HCT-116) | <10 μg/ml | [4] |
| Breast (MCF-7) | <10 μg/ml | |||||
| Prostate (PC-3) | <10 μg/ml | |||||
| Cladosporium sp. | Marine macroalga Sargassum cinereum | Ethyl acetate | Crude extract | Breast (MCF-7) | 8.46 μg/ml | This study |
| Cervix (HeLa) | 9.87 μg/ml | |||||
| Prostate (DU-145) | 98.03 μg/ml | |||||
| C. oxysporum | Plant Moringa oleifera |
Dichloro- methane |
Taxol | Colon (HCT-15) | 3.5 µM | [5] |
| Breast (T47D) | 2.5 µM | |||||
| Cladosporium sp. | Marine macroalga Actinotrichia fragilis | Ethyl acetate | Sporiolides A | Mouse lymphocytic leukemia (L1210) | 0.13 µg/ml | [6] |
| Sporiolides B | 0.81 µg/ml | |||||
| Cladosporium sp. | Coral, Anthogorgia ochracea | Ethyl acetate | Cladosporilactam A | HeLa | 0,76 μg/ml | [7] |
| Cladosporium sp. | Plant Rauwolfia serpentina |
Ethyl acetate | Anhydro-fusarubin | Leukemia (K-562) | 3.97 μg/ml | [8] |
| Methyl ether of fusarubin | Leukemia (K-562) | 3.58 μg/ml | ||||
C. cladosporioides |
Marine macroalga Laurencia okamurai |
Ethyl acetate | Cladosporol I | Lung (A-549) | 5.0 μg/ml | [9] |
| Hepar (Huh7) | 1.0 μg/ml | |||||
| Liver (LM3) | 4.1 μg/ml | |||||
| Cladosporol C | Lung (H446) | 4.0 μg/ml | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | Mangrove Kandelia candel |
Ethyl acetate | Cladosporone A | - | - | [10] |
| C. oxysporum | - | - | Taxol | Breast (T47D) | 2.5 μM/ml | [11] |
Cytotoxicity of crude extracts from Cladosporium sp which isolated from the terrestrial plant [17] proved anti-cancer activity with IC50 value was<10 μg/ml. A similar result was obtained in this study, the use of crude extracts from Cladosporium sp. Isolated from marine macroalgae Sargassum cinereum showed toxicity, lower than 10 μg/ml except for prostate cancer line DU-145 IC50. For the best of our knowledge, the application of crude extracts or purified-compounds against anticancer prostate line DU-145 cells has not been previously reported. The effectiveness of anticancer to DU-145 cell line is very important to be studied further and needs to be tested by using isolated compounds.
Data from our study can be more convincing for using the ethyl extract to produce the anticancer active compound from Cladosporium spp. The results obtained hence confirm that the fungus has significant anticancer potential as stated in the other reports about the Cladosporium [4-11]. Purification and isolation of anticancer compound from Cladosporium spp. have been studied, some were reported that they are able to increase the effectiveness for inhibiting the growth of cancer cell. Some endophytic Cladosporium genus from plants are known to produce several compounds with the anticancer activity, such as cladosporone [10] and taxol [11]. Shigemori et al. (2004) have reported that isolation of macrolides from endophytic Cladosporium sp. derived brown algae Actinotrichia fragilis, namely, sporiolides A and B. The results showed that sporiolides A and B showed an IC50, respectively, 0.13 µg/ml and 0.81 µg/ml in L1210 (mouse lymphocytic leukemia) [6]. Cao et al. (2015) have reported the isolation of bicyclic lactam, namely Cladosporilactam A exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against HeLa (cervical cancer cell line) with IC50 value of 0.76 µg/ml [7]. Khan et al. (2016) have reported the isolation of naphthoquinones from endophytic Cladosporium sp. derived Rauwolfia serpentine, namely, anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin. The results showed that anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin showed an IC50, respectively, 3.97 µg/ml and 3.58 µg/ml against K-562 (human leukaemia cells) [8]. Li et al. (2017) reported cytotoxic activity from marine algal-derived endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides EN-399 compounds. Cladosporol I showed cytotoxicity against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), Huh7 (human hepatocarcinoma), and LM3 (human liver cancer) with IC50 values of 5.0, 1.0, and 4.1 µg/ml, respectively, and Cladosporium C showed activity against H446 (human cell lung cancer) with IC50 value of 4.0 µg/ml [9]. Scientists have been struggling for new methods in which to improve anticancer compound production to meet the drug demand.
CONCLUSION
In summary, the crude extract of endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. from marine macroalgae Sargassum cineurem demonstrates a high potential anticancer activity in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human epithelial carcinoma (HeLa), and human prostate carcinoma (DU-145). Further, investigations will be interesting to find medicinal compound and should focus on isolating the potential molecule which responsible for the activity of anticancer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Academic Leadership Grant-Universitas Padjadjaran-2017 for providing the necessary funds to conduct the study.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceived and designed the experiments: APW, DH, PA, Performed the experiments: RRINE, Analyzed the data: APW, RRINE, M, Wrote the paper: APW, RRINE
CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS
All authors have none to declare
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