Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 11, Issue 3, 12-16Review Article


A REVIEW ON THE PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TRADITIONAL PROPERTIES OF MIMOSA PUDICA

NDANUSA ABDULLAHI HASSAN1, ROHINI KARUNAKARAN2*, SULEIMAN ABDULMUMIN3

1Departmentof Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, 2Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Malaysia, 3Department of Biological science, Faculty of Science, Nigerian Defense Academy Kaduna, Nigerian
Email: ndanusabb@gmail.com

Received: 24 Oct 2018 Revised and Accepted: 04 Feb 2019

ABSTRACT

Consumption of fruits and vegetables fight against oxidative damage by inhibiting or reducing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Mimosa pudica is a perennial herb and belongs to the family Fabaceae. Epidemiological studies have shown that M. pudica contains metabolites such as phenols and flavonoid compounds which possess pharmacological properties such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory. Ecological studies have shown that M. pudica grows in all types of soil which can survive in soil with low nutrient concentration. It usually requires disturbed soil to establish itself. It is commonly seen in the wastelands and along roadsides, which is an ethnomedical plant that may be used in managing various types of disease. Valuable information and literature on M. pudica are analysed and consulted using a different database such as Google Scholar, Google, Science Direct, Web of Science, Academic Journals and Pubmed. This review article summarises the pharmacological properties of M. pudica.

Keywords: Mimosa pudica, Reactive oxygen species, Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2019v11i3.30452

INTRODUCTION

Consumption of fruits and vegetables fight against oxidative damage by inhibiting or reducing free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1, 2]. Many plants including vegetables and fruits contain natural antioxidants that can combat oxidative stress and play a crucial part in the chemoprevention of diseases that have their aetiology and pathophysiology in ROS [3, 4]. These properties are believed to be attributed to the antioxidants like flavonoids, lycopene, carotenoids, β-carotene and phenolic compounds. Herbs have been a source of medicinal agents for centuries and are an excellent source of nutraceuticals. Herbal therapy is mainly used to treat cardiovascular problems, liver disorders, central nervous system, digestive and metabolic disorders [1, 5]. Researchers are currently focusing on the medicinal properties of plant products with bio-active potentials which have good therapeutic characteristics. Recent studies have been focused on the pharmacological actions of M. pudica (fig. 1) which have effective anti-diabetic, antitoxin, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant activities [4, 5].

M. pudica, also known as Lajjalu in Ayurveda, is widely used as an antidepressant and anti-asth­matic in the treatment of various kind of ailments [6, 7]. Epidemiological studies have also shown that M. pudica contains metabolites such as phenols and flavonoid compounds which possess anticancer and antidiabetic properties [8]. Research also has been demonstrated that different parts of this plant are widely used in the treatment of multiple diseases [9, 10]. This article focusses on the pharmacological and traditional properties of M. pudica [11, 12].

Ecology

M. pudica grows in all types of soil; it can survive in soil with low nutrient concentration. It usually requires disturbed soil to establish itself. Frequent burning may encourage its spread in pastures. The plant does shade sensitive and does not grow under forest canopies. Carbon disulfide is produced by the root which discerning inhibit colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi. This plant grows by the roadsides or area disturbed by constructions; it usually grows as a single plant or in tangled thickets. It also grows near sea level up to 1,300m in elevation with annual precipitations from about 1000 to 200 mm [12, 13].

Fig. 1: Mimosa pudica [5]

Constituents

M. pudica stem and root tend to contain alkaloids the adrenaline-like substance has been identified in the leaves. The roots of the plant are also said to contain tannins, and the seeds’ mucilage is composed of D-xylose and d-glucuronic acid [14]. The chromatographic procedure revealed that petroleum fraction contains mainly amino acids, phytosterol, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The essential oils and fatty acid are present in the benzene extracts, and the chloroform extracts showed the presence of alkaloids [15]. The chemical constituents of M. pudica [15] are listed in table 1 and fig. 2.

Bending movement of M. pudica

M. pudica is said to have a unique motor organ which can either be pulvini or epinastic. Both processes involve the increase in the rate of membrane water transport which is facilitated by aquaporin which has been shown in many cases. Tonoplast and plasma membrane help in localizing aquaporins to seismonastic leaf movement in M. pudica and has been analysed [16]. The bending movement of M. pudica pulvinus causes a rapid change in volume of the abaxial motor cell in response to various environmental stimuli. The bending movement of M. pudica is delayed by treatment with actin affecting reagent and calcium channels inhibitors. The filament of actin found in motor cells is a fragment in response to electrical stimulation. The study has shown that increased in levels of calcium is due to the depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in pulvinus motor cells in response to the electrical signals [17].

Table 1: Chemical constituent of M. pudica

Parts Chemical constituents
Stem Mimosine, 5-MeO-DMT (2), β-[N-(3-hydroxypyridone-4)]-α-aminopropionic acid.
Root Mimosine, alkaloids, amino acids, glycoside, fatty acid, flavonoid, phytosterol and tannins. crocetin, ascorbic acid, D-glucuronic acid, linoleic acid, D-xylose and B-sitosterols
Leaves Tyrosin, vitexin, nor-epinephrine, d-pinitol, b-sitosterol, alkaloids-mimosine, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and coumarins, polyunsaturated fatty acid, sphingosine, adrenalin, 5-MeO-DMT (2), 5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6-C-[B-D-apiose-(1→4)]-β-D-glycopyranosyl flavone (7).

Norepinephrine

b-sitosterol

L-mimosine

Sphingosine

5-MeO-DMT

Isoorientin

5, 7, 3’, 4’-tetrahydroxyl-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl flavones

Orientin

Isovitexin

Tyrosin

d-xylose

d-glucuronic acid

Ascorbic acid

Crocetin

Gallic acid

Jasmonic acid

Fig. 2: Structure of different types of M. pudica phytoconstituents [15]

Traditional uses of M. pudica

The root of M. pudica is declared to be bitter, cooling vulnerary, acrid, alexipharmic and used in the treatment of various types of diseases such as leprosy, dysentery, inflammation and many more by Ayurveda [12, 13]. The Unani Healthcare system uses its root in the treatment of disease arising from blood impurities and bile, bilious fevers, piles and jaundice. It also reduces a toothache by the decoction of root with water. It is also found to arrest bleeding and fasten the wound healing process. It is also used in herbal preparation for a gynaecological disorder [13]. It is beneficial in the treatment of diarrhoea, amoebic dysentery and has been researched to have medicinal properties to cure skin diseases. Studies have shown that it is also used to treat neurological problems [18]. The flower, root, stem, leave, and the fruits are used as medicines in the traditional health care system different parts of the plants are used in India for long for treatment of various kind of ailments. Researchers have indicated that M. pudica is used to relax the mind, relieves depression, mental distress, irritability and amnesia. It is also used to enhance mood and improves the circulation of blood. It also promotes healthy cell growth and prevents baldness. In western medicine, its root was used for the treatment of insomnia, irritability, premenstrual syndrome haemorrhoids and whooping cough [19].

Pharmacological effects

Anti-helminthic activity

Helminths have been a foremost degenerative disease disturbing large percentage of the world and pose an enormous threat to public health in the developing countries which contribute to various ailments such as malnutrition, anaemia, eosinophilia and pneumonia. The parasite of helminths mainly subsists in the human body in the intestinal tract. Resistance in helminths against conventional anthelmintics is a leading problem in the treatment of the diseases. M. pudica has been reported to have anti-helminths activity. Another study by Pratap et al. shows the anti-helminthic activity of aqueous leaves extracts of M. pudica. Albendazole was used as a standard drug, prepared in four different concentration of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/ml which was further dissolved in normal saline. The earthworm P. posthuman was divided into five groups consisting of two equal sizes and then released into 30 ml of the experimental formulations. Freshly prepared a standard drug and Aqueous extracts of M. pudica was used for the experiment. The paralysis time was recorded when there were no movements observed, and death time was recorded in minutes. The aqueous extracts showed considerable anti-helminthic activity which varies with different concentration [20, 21].

Antihepatotoxic activity

Research has shown that the leaves of M. pudica possess hepatoprotective activity, in a study conducted involving 14 d administration of ethanolic leave extracts to Wistar rats treated with carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 200 mg/kg p. o. This study also shows that a high level of serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP and total bilirubin, due to CCL4 (carbon tetrachloride) treatment, were found to be restored close to normal on therapy with M. pudica. The study revealed the hepatoprotective effects of M. pudica due to antioxidant properties. Another research by Ayan et al. evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic leave extracts of M. pudica. Wister rats of both sexes were used weighing between 150-200g, the animals were acclimatised under standard laboratory protocols. Carbon tetrachloride was used to induce liver toxicity in the experimental rats subcutaneously at a dose of 1 ml/kg b. w for one week. The animals were divided into five groups of six animal, and Silymarin was used as a standard which was administered for one week at a dose of 100 mg/kg p. o. M. pudica was administered to a different group at a dose of 400 mg/kg p. o for one week. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment, and biochemical parameters were estimated such as Total Bilirubin (TB), Direct Bilirubin (DB), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGPT). The results of the CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity were estimated, and the group which received ethanolic leave extracts of M. pudica at a dose of 400 mg/kg and the standard drug Silymarin showed a significant decrease in the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB, and DB. This study shows the hepatoprotective effects of M. pudica [22, 23]

Wound healing activity

Damage in living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impacts is termed as a wound. M. pudica chloroform extract possess wound healing activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg in 5% ointment of the leaf extracts. Wound healing is a natural process initiated by trauma and often terminated by scar formation; the wound healing activity was reported to be performed by using excision and incision wound models [10]. Different studies have also shown that both methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. pudica in simple ointment base at a different concentration of 0.5%(w/w), 1%(w/w) and 2%(w/w) possess wound healing activity. Three different types of models in rats were used, which are excision, incision and estimation of biochemical parameters. The 2%(w/w) methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited significant wound healing activity probably due to phenols constituent in M. pudica. Another research by Ganesh et al. shows the wound healing activity of M. pudica ethanolic extracts. Mice were used for this study and were acclimatized according to standard laboratory protocols. Different doses of M. pudica 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg b. wt were administered to the animals for six weeks before the creation of deep dermal excision wound. At the end of the experiment the administration of M. pudica extracts of different concentration increased the wound contraction in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduction in wound healing time [24, 25].

Antifertility activity

M. pudica has been used in India for treatment of a different kind of ailment but is commonly used as an antifertility agent. The methanol extract of the root was administered orally to Swiss albino mice for twenty-one consecutive days. Phytochemical studies of the extract were carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitative methods [11]. Hormones responsible for reproduction (such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol, progesterone), oestrous cycle and many litters produced were studied in both extracts administered and control groups by using standard methods. The decrease in FSH levels in the pro-oestrous and oestrous stage in the extract administered group compared with those of the control animals indicates the disturbance of the oestrous cycle and ovulation through suppression of FSH. This study suggested that the root of M. pudica may possess antifertility effects as it disturbs the secretion of gonadotropin hormone and it prolongs the oestrous cycle in albino mice [10].

Antidepressants

The rate of prevalence of mental disorder patients was observed to be around 65.4/1000 population. Out of which prevalence rate for the affective disorder is estimated to be 31.2/1000 populations. Antidepressants widely prescribed for depression, have significant limitations which include long time lag for therapeutic response and low response rates, which problematic for disease associated with a high rate of suicide [26]. The aqueous extract of M. pudica is employed to reduce depression in Mexico. This study showed the behavioural actions of M. pudica extract at different concentration was tested. Rats having received several dosages of aqueous extracts from M. pudica (2.0 mg/kg; 4.0 mg/kg; 6.0 mg/kg 8.0 mg/kg) or received normal saline (0.9% 0.30 ml; J. P.) clomipramine, and desipramine for 30days, after which were subjected to forced swimming test and the test for differential reinforcement of low rates response at 72 second. M. pudica of different doses responsible for any possible anxiolytic action were compared with those caused by diazepam (1.3 mg/kg J. P) in the elevated plus maze test. Results showed that M. pudica extracts, clomipramine, desipramine reduced immobility in the forced swimming test and increased the rate of reinforcers received in the DRL-72s test, the results show that M. pudica produces antidepressant effects in rats [27, 28].

Anxiolytic agent

Anxiety is usually accompanied by nervous behaviour, which is an emotion categorised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil. Anxiety is associated with muscular tension, fatigue, restlessness and problems in concentrations. Individuals may suffer from anxiety disorder when experienced regularly. Anxiety can be a long-term trait or short-term state [29, 30]. M. pudica plant was used in traditional medicine in some developing countries such as Cameroon to treat anxiety disorders [31]. Anxiety disorders have severe impacts on life. Rats were used for the experiment which the anxiolytic activity was found in the animals when the EPM (elevated plus maze) was conducted and has shown that M. pudica reduces the percentage of closed arm entries and increases the number of entries into the percentage of entries and time in the open arms. The correlation of the increase in time spent in open arm with the rise in the number of entries supported the anxiolytic activity of the plant. It could be due to the presence of some components in the plant extracts interaction with GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors as an antagonist [32].

Hypolipidemic activity

Researches have utilised hat high-fat diet induced on rats’ models to study the hypolipidemic action of M. pudica. Reports have shown that hyperlipidemia in experimental rats demonstrated an improvement in the levels of triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and cholesterol. The ethanolic extracts of M. pudica showed the significant hypolipidemic effect by lowering the serum of the biochemical param with a substantial reduction in the level of triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and cholesterol and increase in HDL level which was similar to the drug used as the control (lovastatin). The preliminary phytochemical of these studies show the presence of phytoconstituent such as steroid, flavonoids, glycoside alkaloids and phenolic compounds [33]. Another report by Piyapong and Ampa shows the hypolipidemic activity of M. pudica extracts. Albino rats weighing 150-200g were used and acclimatised according to standard laboratory protocols. The rats were divided into six groups each containing eight rats; Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes to the animal through single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 65 mg/kg. bw. The experiment lasted for eight weeks, blood serum was collected, and biochemical parameters were analysed. The group which received M. pudica extracts tend to have a high level of HDL and TG, TC and LDL decrease which shows the hypolipidemic potential of M. pudica [34].

Antivenom activity

Lethality of Najakauthia venom tends to be neutralised by polyphenols found in M. pudica such as tannins. Survival of mice after 24 h was maintained when M. pudica tannins were preincubated with N. kaouthia venom. The group in which there was no preincubation, no protection against the effect of the toxin was observed. Commercial tannic acid was found to have lower efficiency as compared to the tannins from M. pudica in neutralising the lethality of N. kaouthia venom. Two protein spots were missing in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the MTP treated animal indicating the down-regulation of the venom proteins. The result from this study shows that M. pudica has a better effect in neutralising the venom from N. kaouthia than commercial tannic acid in vitro. However, further research needs to establish that. pudica has a potential for treating N. kaouthia snakebites [35].

Antiulcer activity

Three different types of solvent (90% methanol, chloroform and diethyl ether) was used for this extraction. Albino rats were used to investigate the antiulcer activity and was induced with alcohol and aspirin. The parameters obtained from this study shows that M. pudica has anti-ulcer properties. One hundred and 200 mg/kg dose levels of the extract and 20 mg/kg of the standard drug Ranitidine was used orally. Toxicity studies were done which they found out that the extract is safe up to a concentration of 2000 mg/kg body weight and 100 mg which shown good activity [36, 37].

Antiinflammatory activity

The anti-inflammatory activity of M. pudica was investigated using male albino rats. Three different extracts of M. pudica was used, which are petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts. The model of the rats used was carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. Different doses, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, of extracts, were used, and indomethacin, administered orally, was used as a standard at a concentration of 10 mg/kg Carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was used for evaluating the reduction of oedema induced by carrageenan [38]. Another study by Nair and Bindu also investigated the anti-anti-inflammatory effect of the whole plant of M. pudica, in thirty albino rats of both sexes was used for the experiment. Two hundred (200) mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg extracts of M. puidca was administered to three different groups, 800 mg/kg concentration has the highest percentage inhibition. The result from this recent study also shows that M. pudica has anti-inflammatory properties [39].

Antidiabetic activity

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which affects people of all age, most prominent in middle age and old aged people. Various complications have been associated with diabetes such as obesity, renal dysfunction and blood lipid abnormalities. Patient self–management education and continued medical care are required to prevent acute complication and longtime effects. Anti-diabetic effect of M. pudica was investigated using male albino rats weighing between 150-200g, ethanolic extracts of M. pudica was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg. bw to diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin 65 mg/kg. bw. The investigation lasted for eight weeks, and the parameters obtained from the study show that M. pudica tend to have hypoglycemic properties on fasting blood glucose level of the experimental rats [40].

Antimicrobial activity

The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts shows the presence of carbohydrates, saponins flavonoids, steroids and tannins. The activity was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus flavus and trichophyton at various concentration like 50, 100, 200 ug/ml. The potential sensitivity of the extracts was obtained against all the microorganisms tested [41]. Another study by Chukwu et al. also shows the anti-fungal activity of the whole plant of M. pudica which was tested towards Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton rubrum, three different concentration of M. pudica25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml were used. Results from this study indicate that ethanolic extracts of M. pudica exhibited from being partially active to very active against the tested microorganism at all concentration [42-44].

CONCLUSION

This review shows that M. pudica is rich with different bioactive compounds that possess several pharmacological properties. M. pudica, commonly seen in the wastelands and along roadsides, is an ethnomedical plant that may be used in managing various types of disease. Different phytoconstituents responsible for the activities were isolated. This proves the medicinal importance of the plant. Few studies had been done on the stem, roots and flower. Therefore, advanced research studies are required to validate the therapeutic potential of the roots, stem and flower of M. pudica.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

The authors contributed equally

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors report no declaration of interest

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