EVALUATION OF ENZYMIC AND NON-ENZYMIC ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN VERNONIA CINEREA EXTRACTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.22109Keywords:
Vernonia cinerea, Antioxidants, Glutathione, Total phenolAbstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant levels in various solvent extracts of Vernonia cinerea leaves.
Methods: The fine powder of leaf (180 g) was extracted successively with methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether (40–60°C), benzene, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and aqueous in a Soxhlet extractor for 18 h. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure at low temperature (40– 50°C), and the extracts were analyzed for the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidise, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), polyphenol oxidase, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and non-enzymic antioxidants such as Vitamin A, C, E, reduced GSH, and total phenol.
Results: Significant activities of enzymic antioxidants such as CAT (23.68 μ mole of H2O2 decomposed/min/mg protein, SOD (19.75 inhibition of 50% nitrite form/min/mg protein), and GST (73.28 μ mole of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene conjugate formed/min) were observed higher in the methanolic extracts. Whereas, ethanolic extract exhibits maximum activity of GPx (1.054 μ mole of GSH utilized/min) and Px (102.1 μ mole of pyrogallol oxidized/ min/mg protein). Total GSH (172.3 μM/g), Vitamin E (23.76 μM/g), and total phenols were significantly predominant in the ethanolic extracts followed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.
Conclusion: V. cinerea seems to be a promising plant in respect of its antioxidant potential, there is a lot more to be done to understand the mechanisms behind these effects as well as to employ them as possible therapeutic agents.
Downloads
References
Manian R, Anusuya N, Siddhuraju P, Manian S. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of two different solvent extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz, Ficus bengalensis L. and Ficus racemosa L. Food Chem 2008;107:1000-7.
Sen S, Chakraborty R, Sridhar C, Reddy YS. Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: Current status and future prospect. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010;3:91-100.
Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002;82:47-95.
Shao HB, Chu LY, Lu ZH, Kang CM. Primary antioxidant free radical scavenging and redox signaling pathways in higher plant cells. Int J Biol Sci 2007;4:8-14.
Harbone JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall; 1998.
Oladele FA. Leaf epidermal features in Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia cinerea. Nig J Bot 1990;3:71-7.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publication; 2000.
Varghese KJ, Anila J, Nagalekshmi R, Resiya S, Dasapushpam SJ. The traditional uses and the therapeutic potential of ten sacred plants of Kerala state in India. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2010;1:50-9.
Hamill FA, Apio S, Mubiru NK, Bukenya-Ziraba R, Mosango M, Maganyi OW, et al. Traditional herbal drugs of southern Uganda, II: Literature analysis and antimicrobial assays. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:57-78.
Sonibare MA, Aremu OT, Okorie PN. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of solvent fractions of Vernonia cinerea (L.) less leaf extract. Afr Health Sci 2016;16:629-39.
Nishadh A, Gokilaveni C, Selvi V, Mahalakshmi, R. Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Vernonia cinerea in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Int J Curr Res 2013;5:1441-4.
Yoga LL, Darah I, Sasidharan S, Jain K. Antimicrobial activity of Emilia sonchifolia DC, Tridax procumbens L. and Vernonia cinerea L. of Asteraceae Family: Potential as food preservatives. Malay J Nutr 2009;15:223-31.
Nishadh A, Selvi V, Mahalakshmi R. In-vitro antioxidant and phytochemical screening of various extracts of Vernonia cinerea leaves. Int J Drug Dev Res 2013;5:229-33.
Misra TN, Singh RS, Upadhyay J, Srivastava R. Chemical constituents of Vernonia cinerea. Part I. Isolation and spectral studies of triterpenes. J Nat Prod 1984;47:368-72.
Iwalewa EO, Iwalewa OJ, Adeboye JO. Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Vernonia cinerea less leaf. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;86:229-34.
Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Manikandan L, Bhattacharya S, Haldar PK, Roy S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Vernonia cinerea extract in rats. Phytomedicine 2003;10:185-8.
Sersen F, Mucaji P, Spilkova J, Valko V, Haladova M, Eisenreichova E, et al. Solvent extracts from leaves of Cynara cardunculus, Philadelphus coronarius, Lilium candidum, Holodiscus discolor and Ligustrum vulgare. Acta Facult Pharm Univ Comenianae 2006;53:262-7.
Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 1972;47:389-94.
Das K, Samantha L, Chainy GB. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide radicals. Ind J Biochem Biophys 2000;37:201-4.
Addy SK, Goodman RN. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in apple leaves inoculated with a virulent or an avirulent strain of Erwinia amylovora. Ind Phytopathol 1972;25:575-9.
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jacoby WB. Glutathione-S-transferase the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-9.
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Awanson AB, Hafeman DG, Hoeckstra WG. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1979;179:588-90.
Sadasivam S, Manickam A. Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.; 1992. p. 111-2.
Balinsky D, Bernstein RE. The purification and properties of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1963;67:313-5.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr, AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with folin’s phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265.
Neeld JB, Pearson WN. Macro and micromethods for the determination of serum vitamin A using trifluoroacetic acid. J Nutr 1963;79:454-62.
Omaye ST, Turnball TD, Sauberlich HE. Selected methods for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. Methods Enzymol 1979;62:1-11.
Rosenberg HR. Chemistry and Physiology of Vitamins. New York: Inter Science Publishers Inc.; 1992. p. 452-3.
Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;582:67-78.
Bray HG, Thorpe WV. Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem Anal 1954;1:27-52.
Devaki T, Shivashangari KS, Ravikumar V, Govindaraju P. Effect of Boerhaavia diffusa on tissue antioxidant defense system during ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Nat Remedies 2005;5:102-7.
Chander R, Kapoor NK. High density lipoprotein is a scavenger of superoxide anions. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;40:1663-5.
Scandalias JG. Response of plant antioxidant defence genes to environmental stress. Adv Genet 1990;28:1-41.
Jeyaprakash K, Chinnaswamy P. Effect of spirulina and liv-52 on cadmium induced toxicity in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2005;43:773-81.
Ferrfira R, Candeias F, Simcesr F, Nascimeto J, Morais JC. Effect of hormone on liver mixed-function monooxygenases and glutathione enzyme action of wistar rats. J Ethanopharmacol 1997;58:21-30.
Frankel EN, Kanner J, German JB, Parks E, Kinsella JE. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet 1993;341:454-7.
Nigdikar SV, Williams NR, Griffin BA, Howard AN. Consumption of red wine polyphenols reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in vivo. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:258-65.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999. p. 237-48.
Price A, Lucas PW, Lea PJ. Age dependent damage and glutathione metabolism in ozone fumigated barley: A leaf section approach. J Exp Bot 1990;41:1309-17.
Nagel E, Meyer A, Bartels M. Antioxidant vitamins in prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1997;67:298-306.
Tachibana K, Sone S, Tsubura E, Kishino Y. Stimulatory effect of vitamin A on tumoricidal activity of rat alveolar macrophages. Br J Cancer 1984;49:343-8.
Sies H. Oxidative stress, oxidant and anioxidants. Antioxidant activity of fruit exudate and C-methylated dihydrochalocones from Myrica Gale. Planta Med 1992;61:515-8.
Böhles H. Antioxidative vitamins in prematurely and maturely born infants. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1997;67:321-8.
Tannenbaum SR, Wishnok JS. Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by ascorbic acid. Ann New York Acad Sci 1987;498:354-63.
Kumar M, Grammas P, Giacomelli F, Wiener J. Selective expression of c-mas proto-oncogene in rat cerebral endothelial cells. Neuroreport 1996;8:93-6.
Diplock AT, Xu GL, Yeow CL, Okikiola M. Relationship of tocopherol structure to biological activity, tissue uptake, and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Ann New York Acad Sci 1989;570:72-84.
Neogy M, Bhattacharya A. Qualitative screening of phytochemical and comparative study of dietary antioxidative properties of three commonly used leafy vegetables of West Bengal. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:44-9.
Gupta M, Mazumder, UK, Manikandan L, Haldar PK, Bhattacharya S, Kandar CC. Antibacterial activity of Vernonia cinerea. Fitoterapia 2003;74:148-50.
Manjulika Y, Sanjukta C, Kumar GS, Geeta W. Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:539-42.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
