Elsayed A Usage and Knowledge of the Over- the- Counter Medicines Among Patient Visiting Ophthalmic Hospital in Wad Medani, Sudan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.33179Keywords:
OTC, Medicines, Knowledge, non- prescriptionAbstract
Objective
The aim of this work is to determine the usage pattern and knowledge of OTC medicines among Sudanese attending Ophthalmic hospital in Wad-Medani/Sudan.
Methods
It is a cross-sectional study in which 500 patients were surveyed.
Results
Participants had taken OTC medicines to treat headache, pain, allergy, heart pain, etc. General knowledge of participants is poor. Majority of respondents admitted having no knowledge about the active ingredient, the maximum dose or side effects of paracetamol. One-third of respondents had taken a dose lower or higher than the recommended one. The main reason of taking larger dose was the intensive pain. More than a half (59.0%) of respondent reported using more than one OTC medications when they had multiple symptoms. The results showed that knowledge is associated with the level of education. Regarding the sources of information, two third of respondents (68.8) get information about the non-prescription medicine from the pharmacist. Only 10.4% read information about the OTC medicines from the leaflet in the package.
Conclusions
In Sudan, pharmacists play major role in OTC medication safety as the illiteracy comprises high percentage.
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References
References
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1. Lisowska B, Kosson D, Domaracka KB. Positives and negatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bone healing: the effects of these drugs on bone repair . Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018; 12, 1809-181.
2. Bryner SD, Ghamdi MM. Dextromethorphan Abuse in Adolescence: An Increasing Trend: 1999-2004. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160: 1217–22.
3. Shorog EM, Alburikan KA. The utilization of nonprescription medications in saudi patients with cardiovascular diseases. SPJ 2018; 26: 120-4.
4. Tawfic QA, Bellingham G, Postoperative pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015; 31: 6-13.
5. Hashempur MH, Heydari M, Mosavat SH. et al. Complementary and alternative medicine use in Iranian patients with diabetes mellitus. JIM 2015; 13, 319-25.
6. Taylor J. Over-the-counter medicines and diabetes care. Can J Diabetes, 2017; 41: 551-557.
7. Albatti TH, Alawwad S, Aldueb R, Alhoqail R, Almutairi R. The self medication use among adolescents aged between 13–18 years old; Prevalence and behavior, Riyadh – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2014–2015. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2017; 4, 19-25.
8. Abdo-Rabbo A, Al-Ansari M, Gunn BC, Suleiman BJ. The use of medicines in oman: public knowledge, attitudes and practices. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2009; 9: 124-131.
9. Sharma D, Gurung D, Kafle R, Singh S. Knowledge and practice on over-the-counter drugs among adults of age group 20 and above residing in Chapapani-12, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal. Int J Sci Rep 2017; 379: 2454-6.
10. Babakor SD, Ghamdi MM. Prevalence and determinants of over-the-counter analgesics usage among patients attending primary health care centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Young Pharm 2018; 10: 91-7.
11. Karami N, Altebainawi A, Alfarki S. et al. Knowledge and attitude of analgesics use among Saudi population: A cross-sectional study. Int.J.Med. Sci. Public Health 2018; 7: 137-42.
12. Stone JA, Lester CA, Aboneh EA. A preliminary examination of over-the-counter medication misuse rates in older adults. RSAP 2017; 13: 187-92.
13. Kelly T, Conn KM, Zak M. Evaluation of over-the-counter medication knowledge and literacy in adolescent students. Acad Pediatr. Acad Pediatr 2018; 556-562.
14. Wilson, KM, Singh P, Blumkin AK, et al. 2010. Knowledge gaps and misconceptions about over-the-counter analgesics among adolescents attending a hospital-based clinic.Clinic. Acad. Pediatr. 2010; 10: 228-32.
15. Panero C, Persico L. Attitudes toward and use of over-the-counter medications among teenagers: evidence from an Italian study. IJMS 2016; 8: 65-71.
16. Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S. et al. The efficacy and safety of multivitamin and mineral supplement use to prevent cancer and chronic disease in adults: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science confer . Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 372-85.
17. Kamangar F, Emadi A. Vitamin and mineral supplements: do we really need them?. Int J Prev Med. 2012; 3: 221-226.
18. Guallar E, Stranges S, Mulrow C, Appel LJ. Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements. Ann Intern Med 2013; 17: 850-1.
19. National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE)/Harris Interactive. Attitudes and Beliefs about the use of OTCs: A dose of reality. January 2002. Available at: http://www.bemedwise.org/survey/final_survey.pdf (accessed 10 May2018).
20. Wazaify M. Societal perspectives on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. . Fam Pract 2005; 170-6.
21. Albakri I, Almalki M, Bukhari . et al. Prevalence of Intake of Dietary Supplements in the Population of Saudi Arabia– Jeddah. Egypt J Hosp Med 2017; 69: 1570-5.
22. Lieberman H, Marriott B, Williams C. et al. Patterns of dietary supplement use among college students. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 976-85.24.
23. Al-Naggar RA, Chen R. Prevalence of vitamin-mineral supplements use and associated factors among young Malaysians. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12: 1023-9.
24. Karar MGE, Kuhner N. Herbal Drugs from Sudan: Traditional Uses and Phytoconstituents. Pharmacognosy Reviews 2017; 11: 83-103.
25. Elegami AA, El-Nima EI. Tohami E I, Muddathir MS. Antimicrobial activity of some species of the family Combretaceae. Phytother Res 2002; 16: 555-61.
26. Ahmed I, Saltus R. A thematic analysis of female university students' perceptions of idealised body image in Sudan and their experiences of performing common beauty practices. Divers Equal Health Care 2015; 12: 40-47.
27. Abdalla SI, Malik EM, Ali KM. The burden of malaria in Sudan: incidence, mortality and disability -adjusted life- years. Malar J 2007;.6:97 1-9.
28. Clark R, Fisher JE, Sketris IS, Johnston GM. Population prevalence of high dose paracetamol in dispensed paracetamol/opioid prescription combinations: an observational study. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2012; 1-8.
29. Mehuys E, Crombez G, Paemeleire K. et al. Self-Medication With Over-the-Counter Analgesics: A Survey of patient characteristics and concerns about pain medication. J Pain., 2018; 18: 1-9.
30. Tariq M, Din F. Poor knowledge of university students regarding paracetamol; a wakeup call for public healthcare practitioners . Cogent Medicine 2017; 4: 1-12.
Published
07-05-2019
How to Cite
ELSAYED, A. M. . “Elsayed A Usage and Knowledge of the Over- The- Counter Medicines Among Patient Visiting Ophthalmic Hospital in Wad Medani, Sudan”. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 12, no. 5, May 2019, pp. 335-8, doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.33179.
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