BRINE SHRIMPS LETHALITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF BLIGHIA SAPIDA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i8.37613Keywords:
Brine shrimp, Lethality, Blighia sapida, Crude extract, Ethyl acetate, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometryAbstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate brine shrimp lethality of Blighia sapida stem-bark extract and its fractions and identify the bioactive constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique.
Methods: The ethanol extract (EE) and its fractions were subjected to lethality assay, and GC-MS analysis of EAF was carried out.
Results: The lethality test showed a concentration-dependent mortality rate in the brine shrimp nauplii for the EE and its fractions. GC-MS analysis of EAF of the extract revealed the existence of 13 peaks of the GC-MS chromatogram with only one prominent compound, n-hexadecanoic acid (peak area of 10.13%).
Conclusion: The result revealed the presence of 13 bioactive components in the EAF of the extract, the majority of which have been reported for different biological activities, hence, justifies the use of the plant in the treatment and management of different diseases ethnomedicinally.
Downloads
References
Mohamed B, Fatima ZM, Mostafa E, Abdelkhaleq L, Hassane M, Driss L. et al. Toxic effects of some medicinal plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine. Moroccan J Biol 2006;2:21-30.
Mayorga P, Pérez KR, Cruz SM, Cáceres A. Comparison of bioassays using the Anostracan crustaceans, Artemia salina and Thamnocephalus platyurus for plant extract toxicity screening. Braz J Pharm Sci 2010;20:897-903.
Veni T, Pushpanathan T. Comparison of the Artemia salina and Artemia fransiscana Bioassays for toxicity of Indian medicinal plants. J Coast Life Med 2014;2:453-7.
Ahmed Y, Sohrab H, Al-Reza SM, Shahidulla-Tareq F, Hasan CM, Sattar MA. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic constituents from leaves of Sapium baccatum. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:549-52.
Ramachandran S, Vamsikrishna M, Gowthami KV, Heera B, Dhanaraju MD. Assessment of cytotoxic activity of agave cantula using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. Asian J Sci Res 2011;4:90-4.
Morton JF. Ackee. In: Morton F, Miami FL, editors. Fruits of Warm Climates. Vermont: Echo Point Books & Media; 1987. p. 269-71.
Owolabi OA, James DB, Ibrahim AB, Folorunsho OF, Bwalla I, Akanta F. Changes in lipid profile of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Blighia sapida in rats. Asian J Med Sci 2010;4:177-80.
Kean EA, Hare EA. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase of the ackee plant Blighia sapida. Phytochemistry 1980;19:199-204.
Gbolade AA. Inventory of anti-diabetic plants in selected districts of Lagos state, Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121:135-9.
Handa SS, Khanuja SP, Longo G, Rakesh DD. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, No. 66 Italy: United Nations: Industrial Development Organisation and the International Centre for Science and High Technology; 2008.
Adekola MB, Areola JO, Omisore NO, Asaolu FT, Ogunleye SG, Apalowo OE, et al. Sub-chronic toxicity study of ethanol stem-bark extract of Blighia sapida (Sapindaceae) in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2020;6:e02801.
Trease GE, Evans WC. In: Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE, editors. Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. London: Sounders and Co.; 2002. p. 229-46.
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2005;4:685-8.
Sofowora A. Phytochemical screening: Medicinal plant and traditional practice in Africa. 2nd ed. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited; 2008. p. 150-3.
Prashant T, Bimlesh K, Mamdeep K, Gurpreet K, Harleen K. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Int Pharm Sci 2011;1:1.
Solis PN, Wright CW, Anderson MM, Gupta MP, Phillipson JD. A microwell cytotoxicity assay using Artemia salina (brine shrimp). Planta Med 1993;59:250-2.
Potduang B, Chongsinroeg C, Benmart Y, Giwanin R, Supatanakul W, Tapanich S. Biological activities of Schefflera leucantha. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007;4:157-64.
Finney DJ. Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge England: Cambridge University press; 1971. p. 269-82.
Mooza A, Nora A, Shah AK. GC-MS analysis, determination of total phenolics, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of various crude extracts of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) fiori leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4:964-70.
Emmanuel CO, Helmina OA, Egwim CE. Phytochemical constituents of seeds of ripe and unripe Blighia sapida (Koenig) and physicochemical properties of the seed oil. Int J Pharm Sci Invent 2014;3:31-40.
Veronica MD, Jacob KA, Sussana C, Sarah A. Ackee (Blighia sapida) fruit arils: Nutritional, phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Int J Nutr Food Sci 2014;3:534-7.
Antwi S, Martey ON, Donkor K, Nii-Ayitey Okine LK. Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Blighia sapida (Sapindaceae) in rats and mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol 2009;4:117-25.
Saidu AN, Mann A, Onuegbu CD. Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic effect of aqueous Blighia sapida root bark extract on normoglycemic albino rats. Br J Pharm Res 2012;2:89-97.
Amira PO, Oloyede HO. Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Blighia sapida stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Glob J Med Res 2017;17:2249-4618.
Gupta R, Singh RL, Dwivedi N. In vitro antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of Terminelia bellirica roxb (Baheda). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2016;8:275-82.
Sonibare MA, Oloyede GK, Adaramola TF. Antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluations of two species of Blighia providing clues to species diversity. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 2011;10:2960-71.
Olufade II, Asimi T, Owonibi KS, Olaoluwa TD, Adegbola VM, Owolabi AS. Lethality investigation of toxicity of extracts from natural plants: A case study of Blighia Sapida leaves. Int Conf Sci Eng Environ Technol 2018;3:190-3.
Barakaeli AN, Mhuji K. Brine shrimp lethality assay of selected medicinal plants in Tanzania. J Complement Altern Med Res 2018;5:1-6.
Krishnaraju AV, Rao VN, Sundararaju D, Vanisree M, Tsay HS, Subbaraju GV. Biological screening of medicinal plants collected from Eastern Ghats of India using Artemia salina (brine shrimp test). Int J Appl Sci Eng 2006;2:115-25.
Kumar A, Kumari PS, Somasundaram T. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) analysis of bioactive component of the methanol extract of halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Int J Adv Pharm BiolChem 2014;3:766-72.
David S, Penton Z, Fulton G, Kitson G. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide. United States: Academic Press; 2011.
Apata JT, Ogunleye SG, Ogunbiyi OJ, Babalola OO. GC-MS analysis and phytochemical screening of n-hexane fraction constituents from the leaf of Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv. Int J BioSci Technol 2017;10:80-8.
Amala VE, Jeyraj M. Determination of antibacterial, antifungal, bioactive constituents of triphala by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:123-6.
Kumar PP, Kumaravel S, Lalitha C. Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. Afr J Biochem Res 2010;4:191-5.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 42nd ed. India: Nirali Prakashan; 2008.
Pramod K, Devala R, Lakshmayya G, Ramachandra S. GC-MS analysis and antiulcer activity of ethanol extract of Momordica tuberosa cogn (CUCURBITACEAE) in rats. J Appl Pharmacol 2011;4:359-69.
Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ibraheem OA. Antimicrobial activity and spectral chemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2016;8:369-85.
Wei LS, Wee W, Siong JY, Syamsumir DF. Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract. Acta Med Iran 2011;49:670-4.
Hesham HA, Abdurahman HN, Rosli MY. GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Hibiscus flower. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2017;11:91-7.
Fatema S, Ubale MB, Farooqui M, Arif PM. Analysis of biological activity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of conventional extraction of Vitex negundo Linn. Leaves. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2019;12:1-4.
Sumia F, Ramesh C, Saheel Q. GC-MS Analysis of the polyherbal mixture. J Pharm 2019;9:30-3.
Mary PF, Giri RS. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds of Achyranthes aspera. World J Pharm Res 2018;7:1045-56.
Goraksh JH, Keshav KD, Raghunath DP, Tukaram RG, Narendra DP. Phytochemical studies on Nerium oleander L. using GC-MS. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2017;9:885-91.
Rajeswari J, Rani S. Gc-Ms analysis of whole plant of Leptadenia reticulata. Int J PharmTech Res 2014;6:2043-50.
Salmiah I, Farid AJ, Amir HT, Mohsen Z, Kamyar S, Zamberi S, et al. Chemical composition and antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Allium hirtifolium Boiss. BioMed Res Int 2013;1:696835.
Odo IF, Lawrence US, Victor NO, Parker EJ, Innocent UO. FTIR and GC-MS spectroscopic analysis of methanol and chloroform extracts of Brenania brieyi root bark. Am J Res Commun 2017;5:44-54.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
