KARANJ (PONGAMIA PINNATA) – AN AYURVEDIC AND MODERN OVERVIEW
KARANJ (PONGAMIA PINNATA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i6.41367Keywords:
Karanj, Pongamia pinnata, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-plasmodial, Folk usesAbstract
Pongamia pinnata is one of the significant herbal plants with different therapeutic medicinal properties. P. pinnata is a potential medium-sized legume tree, also known as Karanja. It is widely distributed in Indian Western Ghats. This plant is mostly cultivated around coastal areas, riverbanks, tidal forests, and roadsides. Conventionally, the leaves, seeds, and the whole plant were utilized in the treatment of many ailments. There are various phytochemicals isolated from the P. pinnata plant. Karanjin is the principal furanoflavonoid of the plant. It was known to be the first crystalline compound isolated from this plant. The plant is therapeutically important in traditional medicine as well as in modern drugs. Oil extract from the P. pinnata seeds is utilized in agriculture and pharmacy. Seed oil is also proved to be a biofuel in recent studies. There are various therapeutical uses of the P. pinnata, including antiulcer, anti-diarrheal, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-lice, and others. The karanja seeds contain 27-40%(w/w/) oil. Commercially, the seed oil of the P. pinnata is used as biodiesel. The present review article reveals the overall ayurvedic and modern therapeutic information of P. pinnata with various reported ayurvedic literature and scientific pharmacological studies.
Downloads
References
Baker JT, Borris RP, Carté B, Cordell GA, Soejarto DD, Cragg GM, et al. Natural product drug discovery and development: New perspectives on international collaboration. J Nat Prod 1995;58:1325-57.
Bala M, Nag TN, Kumar S, Vyas M, Kumar A, Bhogal NS. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biodiesel crop. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2011;88:559-62.
Sangwan S, Rao DV, Sharma RA. A review on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A great versatile leguminous plant. Nat Sci 2010;8:130-9.
Divakara BN, Alur AS, Tripati S. Genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre., a potential agroforestry tree. Int J Plant Prod 2012;4:129-42.
Ramadevi D, Rao BG, Reddy SJ. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Pongamia pinnata. Paripex Indian J Res 2018;7:489-92.
Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Yuki K, Fujii Y, Mizuno M. Flavonoids in root bark of Pongamia pinnata. Phytochemistry 1992;31:993-8.
Chopade VV, Tankar AN, Pande VV, Tekade AR, Gowekar NM, Bhandari SR, et al. Pongamia pinnata: Phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties: A review. Int J Green Pharm 2008;2:72-5.
Meera B, Kumar S, Kalidhar SB. A review of the chemistry and biological activity of Pongamia pinnata. J Med Aromat Plant Sci 2003;25:441-5.
Meher LC, Dharmagadda VS, Naik SN. Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 2006;97:1392-7.
Kumar D, Singh B, Sharma YC. Bioenergy and phytoremediation potential of Millettia pinnata. In: Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants. Singapore: Springer; 2017. p. 169-88.
Arpiwi NL, Yan G, Barbour EL, Plummer JA. Genetic diversity, seed traits and salinity tolerance of Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi, a biodiesel tree. Genet Resour Crop Evol 2013;60:677-92.
Yadav RD, Jain SK, Alok S, Prajapati SK, Verma A. Pongamia pinnata: An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011;2:494.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I; 1996. p. 80-8.
Allen ON, Allen EK. The Leguminosae. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press; 1981. p. 812.
Gilman EF. Associate Professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, Dennis G Watson, Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL; 2004. p. 32611.
Lucas DS. Dravyaguna Vijnana. 1st ed., Vol. 2. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati; 2008.
Hartwell JL. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 1971;34:30-4.
Wagh P, Rai M, Deshmukh SK, Durate MC. Bio-activity of oils of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Pongamia pinnata. Afr J Biotechnol 2007;6:1592-6.
Krishnamurthi A. The Wealth of India. Vol. 8. New Delhi, India: Publication and Information Directorate CSIR; 1969.
Aiman R. Recent research on indigenous anti diabetic medicinal plants-an overall assessment. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1970;14:6576.
Koysomboon S, Altena IV, Kato S, Chantrapromma K. Antimycobacterial flavonoids from Derris indica. Phytochemistry 2006;67:103440.
Chopra RN, Chopra IC. Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta: Academic Publishers; 1934. p. 325.
Limaye DB. Karanjin Part I: A crystalline constituent of the oil from P. glabra. Vol. 118. In: Proceedings of the 12th Indian Academy of Science Congress; 1925.
Rao RR, Tiwari AK, Reddy PP, Babu KS, Ali AZ, Madhusudana K, et al. New furanoflavanoids, intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and free-radical (DPPH) scavenging, activity from antihyperglycemic root extract of Derris indica (Lam.). Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:5170-5.
Talapatra SK, Mallik AK, Talapatra B. Pongaglabol, a new hydroxyfuranoflavone, and aurantiamide acetate, a dipeptide from the flowers of Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry 1980;19:1199-202.
Pathak VP, Saini TR, Khanna RN. A new furanoflavone from seeds of Pongamia glabra. Planta Med 1983;49:61.
Saha MM, Mallik UK, Mallik AK. A chromenoflavanone and two caffeic esters from Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry 1991;30:3834-6.
Pavanaram SK, Row LR. New flavones from Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr.: Identification of compound D. Nature 1955;176:1177.
Khanna RN, Seshadri TR. Pongaglabrone, a new component of the seeds of Pongamia glabra: Its constitution and synthesis. Tetrahedron 1963;19:219-25.
Talapatra SK, Mallik AK, Talapatra B. Isopongaglabol and 6-methoxyisopongaglabol, two new hydroxyfuranoflavones from Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry 1982;21:761-6.
Kanungo PD, Ganguly A, Guha A, Bhattacharyya A, Adityachaudhury N. Glabone, a new furanoflavone from Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry 1987;26:3373-4.
Yin H, Zhang S, Wu J, Nan H, Long L, Yang J, et al. Pongaflavanol: A prenylated flavonoid from Pongamia pinnata with a modified ring A. Molecules 2006;11:786-91.
Mukerjee SK, Sarkar SC, Seshadri TR. The structure and synthesis of pongachromene, a new component of Pongamia glabra. Tetrahedron 1969;25:1063-9.
Carcache-Blanco EJ, Kang YH, Park EJ, Su BN, Kardono LB, Riswan S, et al. Constituents of the stem bark of Pongamia p innata with the potential to induce quinone reductase. J Natl Prod 2003;66:1197-202.
Ahmad G, Yadav PP, Maurya R. Furanoflavonoid glycosides from Pongamia pinnata fruits. Phytochemistry 2004;65:921-4.
Marzouk MS, Ibrahim MT, El-Gindi OR, Bakr MS. Isoflavonoid glycosides and rotenoids from Pongamia pinnata leaves. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2008;63:1-7.
Li L, Li X, Shi C, Deng Z, Fu H, Proksch P, et al. Pongamone A-E, five flavonoids from the stems of a mangrove plant, Pongamia pinnata. Phytochemistry 2006;67:1347-52.
Boligon AA, Agertt V, Janovik V, Cruz RC, Campos M, Guillaume D, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of the fractions and compounds from Scutia buxifolia. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2012;22:45-52.
Kitagawa I, Zhang RS, Hori K, Tsuchiya K, Shibuya H. Indonesian medicinal plants. II. Chemical structures of pongapinones A and B, two new phenylpropanoids from the bark of Pongamia pinnata (Papilionaceae). Chem Pharm Bull 1992;40:2041-3.
Minakawa T, Toume K, Ahmed F, Sadhu SK, Ohtsuki T, Arai MA, et al. Constituents of Pongamia pinnata isolated in a screening for activity to overcome tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-resistance. Chem Pharm Bull 2010;58:1549-51.
Yin H, Zhang S, Wu J, Nan H. Dihydropyranoflavones from Pongamia pinnata. J Braz Chem Soc 2006;17:1432-5.
Gupta RK, Krishnamurti M. Chromenoflavones from Millettia ovalifolia. Phytochemistry 1976. p. 15
Rangaswami S, Rao JV, Seshadri TR. Kanugin, a crystalline component of the roots of Pongamia glabra. In: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section A. Vol. 16. India: Springer; 1942. p. 319.
Mahalik G. Comparative analysis of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A review. Indian J Nat Sci 2020;10:19368-73.
Kumar D, Kumar A, Prakash O. Pharmacognostic evaluation of stem bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S543-6.
Shameel S, Usmanghani K, Ali MS, Ahmad VU. Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Pak J Pharm Sci 1996;9:11-20.
Ghani A. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh; 1998. p. 270.
Satyavati GV, Gupta AK, Neeraj T. Medicinal Plants of India. Vol. 2. New Delhi: ICMR; 1987. p. 490.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed., Vol. 1. India: Dehradun Publisher Ltd.; 1994. p. 830-2.
Pole S, Sebastian J. Ayurvedic Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2006.
Mudgal D. Dravyagun Vigyan. Rajasthan: Ayurveda Sanskrit Hindi Pustak Bhandar; 2019.
Pandey G. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2004.
Sharma PV. Dravyagun Vigyan. Varanasi: Chaukambha Bharti Academy; 2019.
Mukherjee PK. Quality Control of Herbal Drugs: An Approach to Evaluation of Botanicals. Netherlands: Business Horizons; 2002.
Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ. Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach. United States: Sinauer Axxoc; 2002. p. 287-92.
Ingredient Guide. Function and Active Cosmetic Ingredients for Skin and Hair. England: Ashford, Kent; 2006. p. 9.
Chopra RN. Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta: Academic Publishers; 1933. p. 388.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, World Health Organization, Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia. WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices [GACP] for Medicinal Plants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
Ernst E. Herbal Medicines-they are Popular, but are they Also Safe? 2006.
Yee SK, Chu SS, Xu YM, Choo PL. Regulatory control of Chinese proprietary medicines in Singapore. Health Policy 2005;71:133-49.
Essa MM, Subramanian P. Protective role of Pongamia pinnata leaf extract on tissue antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2006;16:477-83.
Patil P, Prakash T, Shivakumar H, Pal S. Anti-ulcer and anti-secretory properties of the Butea monosperma (Lam) bark extract with relation to anti-oxidant studies. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2009;8:1-6.
Arote SR, Dahikar SB, Yeole PG. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of leaves of Pongamia pinnata Linn. (Fabaceae) from India. Afr J Biotechnol 2009;8:6393-6.
Bajpai VK, Rahman A, Shukla S, Mehta A, Shukla S, Arafat SY, et al. Antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Pongamia pinnata from India. Pharm Biol 2009;47:1162-7.
Kesari V, Das A, Rangan L. Physico-chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity from seed oil of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biofuel crop. Biomass Bioenergy 2010;34:108-15.
Badole SL, Zanwar AA, Ghule AE, Ghosh P, Bodhankar SL. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract of stem bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Biomed Aging Pathol 2012;2:19-23.
Elanchezhiyan M, Rajarajan S, Rajendran P, Subramanian S, Thyagarajan SP. Antiviral properties of the seed extract of an Indian medicinal plant, Pongamia pinnata, Linn., against herpes simplex viruses: In vitro studies on Vero cells. J Med Microbiol 1993;38:262-4.
Brijesh S, Daswani PG, Tetali P, Rojatkar SR, Antia NH, Birdi TJ. Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: Understanding the mechanism (s) of action in infectious diarrhea. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006;7:665-74.
Rameshthangam PA, Ramasamy P. Antiviral activity of bis (2-methylheptyl) phthalate isolated from Pongamia pinnata leaves against white spot syndrome virus of Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Virus Res 2007;126:38-44.
Amoros M, Simõs CM, Girre L, Sauvager F, Cormier M. Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus Type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. J Nat Prod 1992;55:1732-40.
Ono K, Nakane H, Fukushima M, Chermann JC, Barré-Sinoussi F.Differential inhibitory effects of various flavonoids on the activities of reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA and RNA polymerases. Eur J Biochem 1990;190:469-76.
Middleton E Jr. The impacts of plant flavonoids on mammalian biology: Implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. In: The flavonoids: Advances in Research Since 1986; 1993. p. 337-70.
Hernández-Pérez M, López-García RE, Rabanal RM, Darias V, Arias A. Antimicrobial activity of Visnea mocanera leaf extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;41:115-9.
Simonsen HT, Nordskjold JB, Smitt UW, Nyman U, Palpu P, Joshi P, et al. In vitro screening of Indian medicinal plants for antiplasmodial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;74:195-204.
Suksamrarn A, Tanachatchairatana T, Kanokmedhakul S. Antiplasmodial triterpenes from twigs of Gardenia saxatilis. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88:275-7.
Ziegler HL, Franzyk H, Sairafianpour M, Tabatabai M, Tehrani MD, Bagherzadeh K, et al. Erythrocyte membrane modifying agents and the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth: Structure-activity relationships for betulinic acid analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2004;12:119-27.
Fournet A, Angelo A, Muñoz V, Roblot F, Hocquemiller R, Cavé A. Biological and chemical studies of Pera benensis, a Bolivian plant used in folk medicine as a treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;37:159-64.
Prabha T, Babu MD, Priyambada S, Agrawal VK, Goel RK. Evaluation of Pongamia pinnata root extract on gastric ulcers and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2003;41:304-10.
Prabha T, Dorababu M, Goel S, Agarwal PK, Singh A, Joshi VK, et al. Effect of methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn seed on gastro-duodenal ulceration and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009;47:649-59.
Eipeson WS, Manjunatha JR, Srinivas P, Kanya TS. Extraction and recovery of karanjin: A value addition to Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) seed oil. Ind Crops Prod 2010;32:118-22.
Manigauha A, Patel S, Monga J, Ali H. Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of Pongamia pinnata Linn in experimental animals. Int J Pharm Technol Res 2009;4:1119-21.
Al Muqarrabun LM, Ahmat N, Ruzaina SA, Ismail NH, Sahidin I. Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150:395-420.
George LO, Radha HR, Somasekariah BV. In vitro anti-diabetic activity and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in the methanol extract of Kalanchoe pinnata. Indian J Chem 2018;57B:1213-21.
Kinghorn AD, Su BN, Jang DS, Chang LC, Lee D, Gu JQ, et al. Natural inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Planta Med 2004;70:691-705.
Nirmal SA, Malwadkar G, Laware RB. Anthelmintic activity of Pongamia glabra. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2007;29:755-7.
Manikannan M, Durgadevi P, Subramaniyan S, Manickan E. Abundant CD4 Th-2 cytokine stimulation by medicinal plant Pongamia pinnata Linn. on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Int J Plant Physiol Biochem 2012;4:27-32.
Manigauha A, Patel S. Pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion in RATS. Int J Pharm Biosci 2010;1:2.
Srinivasan K, Muruganandan S, Lal J, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Raviprakash V, et al. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Pongamia pinnata leaves. Phytother Res 2003;17:259-64.
Punitha R, Vasudevan K, Manoharan S. Effect of Pongamia pinnata flowers on blood glucose and oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2006;38:62.
Swamy HM, Patel NL, Gadad PV, Koti C, Patel HM, Thippeswamy C, et al. Neuroprotective activity of Pongamia pinnata in monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013;75:657-63.
Mumcuoglu KY. Prevention and treatment of head lice in children. Paediatr Drugs 1999;1:211-8.
Yang YC, Lee HS, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Insecticidal activity of plant essential oil against Pediculus humanus Capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Med Entomol 2004;41:699-704.
Dwivedi G, Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel from Pongamia in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;32:114-22.
Joshi G, Rawat DS, Lamba BY, Bisht KK, Kumar P, Kumar N, et al. Transesterification of Jatropha and Karanja oils by using waste egg shell derived calcium based mixed metal oxides. Energy Convers Manag 2015;96:258-67.
Takase M, Zhao T, Zhang M, Chen Y, Liu H, Yang L, et al. An expatriate review of neem, Jatropha, Rubber and Karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;43:495-520.
Patel RL, Sankhavara CD. Biodiesel production from Karanja oil and its use in diesel engine: A review. Renew Sustain Eng Rev 2017;71:464-74.
Mofijur M, Rasul M, Hyder J, Azad AK, Mamat R, Bhuiya MM. Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel-biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol-biodiesel-diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;53:265-78.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Gitika Chaudhary
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
