FLAVANOIDS: AN ERA OF NUTRACEUTICALS TURNING IN TO MEDICINAL AGENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2024.v17i6.50514Keywords:
Flavonoids, Bioavailability, Anthocyanins, PolyphenolicAbstract
Flavonoids, present in plants, constitute a varied group of naturally occurring compounds well-known for their potential positive effects on health. These molecules present in fruits, vegetables, and beverages such as tea exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other bioactive properties that contribute to their positive impact on human health. In addition, flavonoids act as antioxidants, helping plants combat oxidative stress. Some flavonoids also participate in ultraviolet protection, defense against pathogens, and modulation of plant-microbe interactions. Flavonoids have a different subclass of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. The term “bioavailability” describes how well the body absorbs and uses flavonoids, a broad class of plant-based chemicals. The chemical structure of flavonoids, the matrix of foods they are eaten interactions with other dietary components influence their bioavailability. This metabolism can lead to the formation of various metabolites, impacting the compounds’ bioactivity. Understanding these aspects is crucial for unlocking the full potential of flavonoids in promoting health and preventing diseases. Patents on flavonoids serve as legal protections for innovations related to these plant compounds. Companies and researchers seek patents to safeguard novel methods of extraction, synthesis, and applications ensuring exclusivity for a specified period. This exclusivity incentivizes investment in research and development, promoting the exploration of flavonoids for pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics. Ultimately, these legal protections encourage advancements in understanding and harnessing the diverse benefits of flavonoids across various industries.
Downloads
References
Burak M, Imen Y. Flavonoids and their antioxidant properties. Türk Klin Tip Bil Derg. 1999;19:296-304.
Takahashi A, Ohnishi T. The significance of the study about the biological effects of solar ultraviolet radiation using the exposed facility on the international space station. Biol Sci Space. 2004;18:255-60.
Samanta A, Das G, Das S. Roles of flavonoids in plants. Int J Pharm Sci Tech. 2011;6:12-35.
Castañeda-Ovando A, Pacheco-Hernández DL, Páez-Hernández E, Rodríguez JA, Galán-Vidal CA. Chemical studies of anthocyanins: A review. Food Chem. 2009;113:859-71.
Lee YK, Yuk DY, Lee JW, Lee SY, Ha TY, Oh KW, et al. Epigallocatechin- 3-gallate prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced elevation of β-amyloid generation and memory deficiency. Brain Res. 2009;1250:164-74.
Lanzendörfer G, Stäb F, Untiedt S, inventors; Beiersdorf AG, assignee. Cosmetic and dermatological preparations with flavonoids. United States patent US 6,423,747. 2002 Jul 23.
Danihelová M, Viskupičová J, Sturdik E. Lyophilization of flavonoids for their food, therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Acta Chim Slovaca. 2012;5:59-69.
Chuarienthong P, Lourith N, Leelapornpisid P. Clinical efficacy comparison of anti-wrinkle cosmetics containing herbal flavonoids. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2010;32:99-106.
Havsteen B. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmocol Ther. 2000;96:67-202.
Izaguirre MM, Mazza CA, Biondini M, Baldwin IT, Ballare CL. Remote sensing of future competitors: Impacts on plant defences. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103:7170-4.
Knuttel H, Fiedler K. Host-plant-derived variation in ultraviolet wing patterns influences mate selection by male butterflies. J Exp Biol. 2001;204:2447-59.
Liu S, Norris DM, Hartwig EE, Xu M. Inducible phytoalexins in juvenile soybean genotypes predict soybean looper resistance in fully developed plants. Plant Physiol. 1992;100:1479-85.
Minamisawa K, Saeki K, Sato S, Shimoda Y. Rhizobia networks for symbiosis with legumes. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2006;51:1044-50.
Panche A, Diwan A, Chandra S. Flavonoids: An overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47.
Bondonno NP, Lewis JR, Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno CP, Shin JH, Croft KD, et al. Association of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods with all-cause mortality: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clin Nutr. 2019;39:141-50.
Khan MK, Zill EH, Dangles O. A comprehensive review on flavanones, the major citrus polyphenols. J Food Compos Anal. 2014;33:85-104.
Khalifa I, Zhu W, Li KK, Li CM. Polyphenols of mulberry fruits as multifaceted compounds: Compositions, metabolism, health benefits, and stability- a structural review. J Funct Foods. 2018;40:28-43.
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:727-47.
Iwashina T. Flavonoid properties of five families newly incorporated into the order Caryophyllales (review). Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci. 2013;39:25-51.
Matthies A, Clavel T, Gütschow M, Engst W, Haller D, Blaut M, et al. Conversion of daidzein and genistein by an anaerobic bacterium newly isolated from the mouse intestine. Appl Environ Microbial. 2008;74:4847-52.
Aoki T, Akashi T, Ayabe S. Flavonoids of leguminous plants: Structure, biological activity, and biosynthesis. J Plant Res. 2000;113:475-88.
Dixon R, Ferreira D. Molecules of interest: Genistein. Phytochemistry. 2002;60:205-11.
Szkudelska K, Nogowski L. Genistein - a dietary compound inducing hormonal and metabolic changes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;105:37-45.
Giusti M, Wrolstad R. Acylated anthocyanins from edible sources and their applications in food systems. Biochem Eng J. 2003;14:217-25.
Hertog MG, Hollman PC, Van De PB. Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of tea infusions, wines, and fruit juices. J Agric Food Chem. 1993;41:1242-6.
Srivastava N, Bezwada R. Flavonoids: The Health Boosters. White Paper. Hillsborough, NJ: Indofine Chemical Company; 2015.
Hossain H, Shahid-Ud-Daula A, Jahan I, Nimmi I, Hasan K, Haq MM. Evaluation of antinociceptive and antioxidant potential from the leaves of Spilanthes paniculata growing in Bangladesh. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res. 2012;1:178-86.
Snijman PW, Swanevelder S, Joubert S, Green IR, Gelderblom WC. The antimutagenic activity of the major flavonoids of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): Some dose-response effects on mutagen activation-flavonoid interactions. Mutat Res. 2007;631:111-23.
Buer CS, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. Flavonoids: New roles for old molecules. J Integr Plant Biol. 2010;52(1):98-111.
Chutipaijit S, Cha-Um S, Sompornpailin K. Differential accumulations of Proline and Flavonoids in indica rice varieties against Salinity. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(5):2497-506.
Dall’Agnol R, Ferraz A, Bernardi AP, Albring D, Nör C, Sarmento L, et al. antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species Phytomedicine. 2003;10:511-516.
Maleki SJ, Crespo JF, Cabanillas B. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids. Food Chem. 2019 Nov 30;299:125124.
Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004;96(3):229-45.
Panthong A, Kanjanapothi D, Tuntiwachwuttikul P, Pancharoen O, Reutrakul V. Antiinflammatory activity of flavonoids. Phytomedicine. 1994 Sep 1;1(2):141-4.
Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee AY, Ke FC, Huang CJ, et al. Trans inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and
focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation by dietary flavonoids: Effect on invasive potential of human carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmocol. 2004;67:2103-14.
Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee HP, Ke FC, Nair MP, et al. Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity by quercetin and luteolin leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic tumour cells. Anticancer Res. 2002;22:1615-28.
Cushnie TP, Hamilton VE, Lamb AJ. Assessment of the antibacterial activity of selected flavonoids and consideration of discrepancies between previous reports. Microbiol Res. 2003;158:281-9.
Pepeljnjak S, Kosalec I. Galangin expresses bactericidal activity against multiple-resistant bacteria: MRSA, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004;240:111-6.
Li BQ, Fu T, Dongyan Y, Mikovits JA, Ruscetti FW, Wang JM. Flavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV-1 infection at the level of viral entry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;276:534-8.
Dall’Agnol R, Ferraz A, Bernardi AP, Albring D, Nör C, Sarmento L, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:511-6.
Cotelle N. Role of flavonoid in oxidative stress. Curr Top Med Chem. 2001;1:569-90.
Kim YS, Lee HJ, Cho KH, Bae HS, Park EK, Kim DH. The role of intestinal microflora on daidzein excretion in urine in humans treated with Chungpesagantang. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30:481-5.
Mukai R, Terao J. Role of dietary flavonoids in oxidative stress and prevention of muscle atrophy. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2013 Nov 25;2(4):385-92.
Suen J, Thomas J, Kranz A, Vun S, Miller M. Effect of flavonoids on oxidative stress and inflammation in adults at risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. Healthcare (Basel). 2016 Sep 14;4(3):69.
Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13:572-84.
Tsang C, Auger C, Mullen W, Bornet A, Rouanet JM, Crozier A, et al. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:170-81.
Mukherjee PK. Quality Control of Herbal Drugs an Approach to Evaluation of Botanicals. 1st ed. New Delhi: Business Horizons Pharmaceutical Publication; 2008. p. 707.
Viskupičová J, Ondrejovič M, Šturdík E. Bioavailability and metabolism of flavonoids. J Food Nutr Res. 2008 Dec 1;47(4):151-62.
Hollman PC. Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of flavonoids. Pharm Biol. 2004 Jan 1;42(Supl 1):74-83.
Wang Y, Ho CT. Metabolism of flavonoids. In: Food Factors for Health Promotion. Vol. 61. Germany: Karger Publishers; 2009. p. 64-74.
Chen L, Cao H, Huang Q, Xiao J, Teng H. Absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022 Oct 3;62(28):7730-42.
Yadav NP, Pal A, Archana M, Singh SC, Gupta MM. Wound Healing Activity of in-vitro Grown Shoots of Different Accessions of Centella asiatica. National Interactive Meeting; 2008. p. 82.
Pentu N, Sharvani A, Anil Kumar V, Abhishek B, Rama Rao T. Psoriasis: A systematic review of autoimmune disorder. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol. 2023 Nov 3;8(10):8.
Mizgała-Izworska E. The role of flavonoids in prevention and treatment of selected skin diseases. J Pre-Clin Clin Res. 2022;16(3):99-107.
Nowak-Perlak M, Szpadel K, Jabłońska I, Pizon M, Woźniak M. Promising strategies in plant-derived treatments of psoriasis-update of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials studies. Molecules. 2022 Jan 18;27(3):591.
Čižmárová B, Hubková B, Tomečková V, Birková A. Flavonoids as promising natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of selected skin diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 28;24(7):6324.
Bonesi M, Rosa Loizzo M, Provenzano E, Menichini F, Tundis R. Anti-psoriasis agents from natural plant sources. Curr Med Chem. 2016 May 1;23(12):1250-67.
Gaikwad RG, Shinde AJ, Hajare AA. Herbal treatment for management of psoriasis: An overview. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022;15(3):1385-92.
Chen S, Li H, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wei Q. Quercitrin extracted from Tartary buckwheat alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice by inhibiting the Th17 cell response. J Funct Foods. 2017 Nov 1;38:9-19.
Iriventi P, Gupta NV. Formulation and evaluation of herbal cream for treating psoriasis. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021;14(1):167-70.
Nagula RL, Wairkar S. Recent advances in topical delivery of flavonoids: A review. J Control Release. 2019 Feb 28;296:190-201.
Asogwa FC, Ibezim A, Ntie-Kang F, Asogwa CJ, Okoye CO. Anti-psoriatic and immunomodulatory evaluation of Psorospermum febrifugum Spach and its phytochemicals. Sci Afr. 2020 Mar 1;7:e00229.
Chandrasekar R, Sivagami B. Alternative treatment for psoriasis-A review. Int J Res Dev Pharm Life Sci. 2016 Jul 15;5(4):2188-97.
Aghmiuni AI, Khiavi AA. Medicinal plants to calm and treat psoriasis disease. Aromatic and Medicinal Plants–Back to Nature. 2017 Mar 15; 2016:1-28.
Wroński A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Stasiewicz A, Skrzydlewska E. Phytocannabinoids in the pharmacotherapy of psoriasis. Molecules. 2023 Jan 25;28(3):1192.
Boehncke WH, Schön MP. Psoriasis. Lancet. 2015 Sep 5;386(9997):983- 94. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7. PMID: 26025581
Griffiths CE, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet. 2007 Jul 21;370(9583):263-271. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(07)61128-3. PMID: 17658397
Garbicz J, Całyniuk B, Górski M, Buczkowska M, Piecuch M, Kulik A, et al. nutritional therapy in persons suffering from psoriasis. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 28;14(1):119. doi: 10.3390/nu14010119. PMID: 35010995; PMCID: PMC8747310
Przedborski S, Vila M, Jackson-Lewis V. Neurodegeneration: What is it and where are we? J Clin Investig. 2003;111:3-10.
Maher P. The potential of flavonoids for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun 22;20(12):3056.
Jones QR, Warford J, Rupasinghe HP, Robertson GS. Target-based selection of flavonoids for neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Nov;33(11):602-10. doi: 10.1016/j. tips.2012.08.002. PMID: 22980637
Calis Z, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. The roles of flavonols/flavonoids in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2020 Sep 1;20(15):1475-88.
Devi S, Kumar V, Singh SK, Dubey AK, Kim JJ. Flavonoids: Potential candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Biomedicines. 2021 Jan 20;9(2):99.
Costa SL, Silva VD, dos Santos Souza C, Santos CC, Paris I, Muñoz P, et al. Impact of plant-derived flavonoids on neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res. 2016 Jul;30:41-52.
Zhao B. Natural antioxidants for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2005 Feb;31:283-93.
Pannu A, Sharma PC, Thakur VK, Goyal RK. Emerging role of flavonoids as the treatment of depression. Biomolecules. 2021 Dec 3;11(12):1825.
Joshi V, Mishra R, Upadhyay A, Amanullah A, Poluri KM, Singh S, et al. Polyphenolic flavonoid (Myricetin) upregulated proteasomal degradation mechanisms: Eliminates neurodegenerative proteins aggregation. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Nov;234(11):20900-14.
Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Oršolić N, Mandić L, Sadžak A, Šegota S. Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of flavonols: Targeting Nrf2, NF-κB and p53 pathways in neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Oct 15;10(10):1628.
Bonesi M. Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease. Flavonoids in Treating Psoriasis. United States: Academic Press; 2018. p. 281-94. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805417-8.00023-8
Andreeva OA, Ivashev MN, Ozimina II, Maslikova GV. Diosmetin glycosides from Caucasian vetch: Isolation and study of biological activity. Pharm Chem J. 1998;32:595-7.
Cerezoa AB, Tesfayea W, Soria-Díazb ME, Torija MJ, Mateo E, Garcia-Parrilla MC, et al. Effect of wood on the phenolic profile and sensory properties of wine vinegars during ageing. J Food Comp Anal. 2010;23:175-84.
Mondal S, Rahaman ST. Flavonoids: A vital resource in healthcare and medicine. Pharm Pharmacol Int J. 2020 Apr 24;8(2):91-104.
Schürger N, Klein E, Hapfelmeier A, Kiechle M, Paepke D. Demand for integrative medicine among women in pregnancy and childbed: A German survey on patients’ needs. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 15;18(1):187. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2249-y. PMID: 29907100; PMCID: PMC6003184
Kennedy DA, Lupattelli A, Koren G, Nordeng H. Herbal medicine use in pregnancy: Results of a multinational study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 Dec 12;13:355. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-355. PMID: 24330413; PMCID: PMC4029224
John LJ, Shantakumari N. Herbal medicines use during pregnancy: A review from the Middle East. Oman Med J. 2015 Jul;30(4):229-36. doi: 10.5001/omj.2015.48. PMID: 26366255; PMCID: PMC4561638
Tanaka T. Flavonoids as complementary medicine for allergic diseases: Current evidence and future prospects. OA Altern Med. 2013 May 1;1:11. 87. Rupasinghe HV. Special issue “Flavonoids and their disease prevention and treatment potential”: Recent advances and future perspectives. Molecules. 2020 Oct 16;25(20):4746.
Zaragozá C, Villaescusa L, Monserrat J, Zaragozá F, Álvarez-Mon M. Potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of dihydroflavones, flavones, and flavonols. Molecules. 2020;25:1017.
Maan G, Sikdar B, Kumar A, Shukla R, Mishra A. Role of flavonoids in neurodegenerative diseases: Limitations and future perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem. 2020;20(13):1169-1194. doi: 10.2174/156802662066 6200416085330. PMID: 32297582
Badsha H. Role of diet in influencing rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Open Rheumatol J. 2018 Feb 8;12:19-28. doi: 10.2174/1874312901812010019. PMID: 29515679; PMCID: PMC5827298
Monk JM, Hou TY, Chapkin RS. Recent advances in the field of nutritional immunology. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov;7(6):747- 9. doi: 10.1586/eci.11.69. PMID: 22014015; PMCID: PMC4419751
Perez-Vizcaino F, Fraga CG. Research trends in flavonoids and health. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 May 15;646:107-12.
Gürler SB, Kiraz Y, Baran Y. Flavonoids in cancer therapy: Current and future trends. In: Biodiversity and Biomedicine. United States: Academic Press; 2020 Jan 1. p. 403-40. 94. Karak P. Biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2019 Apr;10(4):1567-74.
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: An overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47.
Sapra K, Sharma R, Samamadar S, Sapra A, Kumar V. Current trends and prospective role of flavonoids and flavones as anticancer agents: A review. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2023 Sep 1;19(7):712-22.
Zhang X, Molsberry SA, Yeh TS, Cassidy A, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, et al. Intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods and mortality risk among individuals with Parkinson disease: A prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2022 Mar 8;98(10):e1064-76.
Zhou D, Bai Z, Guo T, Li J, Li Y, Hou Y, et al. Dietary flavonoids and human top-ranked diseases: The perspective of in vivo bioactivity and bioavailability. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2022 Feb 1;120:374-86.
Korać RR, Khambholja KM. Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011 Jul;5(10):164.
Khalid M, Bilal M, Huang DF. Role of flavonoids in plant interactions with the environment and against human pathogens—A review. Journal of integrative agriculture. 2019 Jan 1;18(1):211-30.
Sudhakaran M, Sardesai S, Doseff AI. Flavonoids: New frontier for immuno-regulation and breast cancer control. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Apr 16;8(4):103.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 PENTU NARENDRA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
