FACTORIAL DESIGN AS THE METHOD IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF TIMOLOL MALEATE-LOADED NANOPARTICLE PREPARED BY IONIC GELATION TECHNIQUE

WILDAN KHAIRI MUHTADI; LARAS NOVITASARI; RONNY MARTIEN; RETNO DANARTI

doi:10.22159/ijap.2019v11i5.34435

Authors

WILDAN KHAIRI MUHTADI Departement of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, D. I. Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
LARAS NOVITASARI Departement of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, D. I. Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
RONNY MARTIEN Departement of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, D. I. Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
RETNO DANARTI Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako Sekip Utara, D. I. Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i5.34435

Keywords:

Nanoparticle, Ionic gelation, Timolol maleate, Pectin, Calcium chloride, Chitosan, Factorial design

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to optimize the timolol maleate (TM) nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation method using the factors of pectin (PC), calcium chloride (CC), and chitosan (CS) concentrations with the responses of entrapment efficiency, particle size, and polydispersity index using 2³ factorial design.

Methods: TM nanoparticle suspensions were obtained by mixing of PC (0,4-0,6% (w/v)), CC (0,2-0,4% (w/v)), and CS (0,01-0,02% (w/v)) with TM concentration of 0,02% w/v. Each mixture was then tested for entrapment efficiency, particle size, and polydispersity index. The test results were analyzed with 2³ factorial design using Design-Expert software in order to determine the optimum formula.

Results: The optimization study showed that all of the factors influenced the responses significantly (p<0.05) based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the suggested models. The R2value and the adequate precision value of the three models were more than 0.7 and 4, respectively. The difference between Adjusted R-Squared and Predicted R-Squared value were less than 0.200. The optimum condition of TM nanoparticle was suggested at the desirability value of 0.839 with the concentration of PC, CC, and CS of 0,4% (w/v), 0,2% (w/v), and 0,01% (w/v), respectively. The entrapment efficiency, particle size, and polydispersity index of the optimum condition were 24.791±2.84%, 274.867±14.45 nm, and 0.634±0.066, respectively.

Conclusion: The 2³factorial design has been proved as the suitable method to determine the optimum condition that yields the good results of the entrapment efficiency, particle size, and polydispersity index of the TM-loaded nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation method.

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