TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS: AN EFFECTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM-A REVIEW

CH. ANIL KUMAR; J. ASHWINI; ARCHANA G. L.; SEPURI VIJAYA LAXMI; ANIL KUMAR GARIGE; VIJITHA CHANDUPATLA; M. AKIFUL HAQUE; SHARUK L. KHAN

doi:10.22159/ijap.2022v14i4.44623

Authors

CH. ANIL KUMAR University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
J. ASHWINI University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
ARCHANA G. L. University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
SEPURI VIJAYA LAXMI University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
ANIL KUMAR GARIGE Jayamukhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narsampet, Warrangal, Telangana, India
VIJITHA CHANDUPATLA Vaagdevi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bollikunta, Warrangal, Telangana, India
M. AKIFUL HAQUE School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, India
SHARUK L. KHAN MUPs College of Pharmacy (B Pharm), Degaon, Risod, Washim, Maharashtra, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-9774

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i4.44623

Keywords:

Transdermal patch, Angina pectoris, Solvent-casting method, Nitroglycerin

Abstract

Topical delivery methods have been used since the dawn of time, employed to cure a wide range of ailments and for aesthetic purposes. Transdermal drug delivery has evolved throughout time, with the development of passive and active technologies that have resulted in enhanced distribution, accuracy in drug dosage, and better fulfilment of the requirements of the individual. The search for more powerful pharmaceuticals that can be delivered to the skin through appropriate transdermal technologies will continue to be a focus in the development of drugs for transdermal patches and other forms of delivery. Topical and transdermal distribution has been around for a while, but this review will focus on transdermal patches and how they've evolved. The articles have been searched on different search engines such as Scopus database, Science direct, PubMed, Google scholar, and Bentham science using multiple keywords. An adhesive transdermal patch is applied to the skin and contains medicine that is absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin. It aids in the recovery of an afflicted part of the body. When compared to oral, topical, i. v., and i. m. administration systems, transdermal drug delivery allows a controlled release of the medicine into patients, often by either a porous membrane or by body heat melting small layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The fundamental drawback of transdermal delivery methods is that the skin is a highly efficient barrier, therefore, only tiny molecules can enter the skin and be administered in this manner.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(9):2179-209. doi: 10.1111/bph.13059.

Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: History, development and pharmacology1. Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(9):2179-209. doi: 10.1111/bph.13059.

Al Hanbali OA, Khan HMS, Sarfraz M, Arafat M, Ijaz S, Hameed A. Transdermal patches: design and current approaches to painless drug delivery. Acta Pharm. 2019;69(2):197-215. doi: 10.2478/acph-2019-0016, PMID 31259729.

Romer WHP, Kramer SN, Romer WHP. The Sumerians. Their history, culture, and character. J Am Orient Soc. 1967;87(4):637. doi: 10.2307/597627.

Raddin JB. The sumerians: their history, culture and character. Arch Intern Med. 1964;113(2):309. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1964.00280080145038.

Grayson AK. The sumerians their history, culture, and character. By Samuel Noah Kramer. Am J Archaeol. 1964;68(2):205. doi: 10.2307/501664.

Henshilwood CS, D’Errico F, Van Niekerk KL, Coquinot Y, Jacobs Z, Lauritzen SE, Menu M, Garcia Moreno R. A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science. 2011;334(6053):219-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1211535, PMID 21998386.

Limet H, Forbes RJ. Studies in ancient technology. J Econ Soc Hist Orient. 1966;9(3):309. doi: 10.2307/3595950.

Cooney JD. Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. By A. Lucas. Am J Archaeol. 1964;68(1):75-6. doi: 10.2307/501534.

Tapsoba I, Arbault S, Walter P, Amatore C. Finding out Egyptian Gods’ secret using analytical chemistry: biomedical properties of Egyptian black makeup revealed by amperometry at single cells. Anal Chem. 2010;82(2):457-60. doi: 10.1021/ac902348g, PMID 20030333.

Coleman JW. Nitric oxide in immunity and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(8):1397-406. doi: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00086-8, PMID 11515807.

Kremers E, LaWall CH. Four thousand years of pharmacy: an outline history of pharmacy and the allied sciences. Am Hist Rev. 1928;33(4):844. doi: 10.2307/1838377.

Peet TE, Bryan CP. The papyrus Ebers. J Egypt Archaeol. 1931;17(1/2):150. doi: 10.2307/3854837.

Nederhof MJ, Papyrus E. Toxipedia [internet]; 2012(1). p. 23-5. Available from: http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Ebers+Papyrus. [Last accessed on 02 May 2022].

Popko L. Some notes on papyrus ebers, ancient Egyptian treatments of migraine, and a crocodile on the patient’s head. Bull Hist Med. 2018;92(2):352-66. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2018.0030, PMID 29961718.

Dawson WR, Ebbell B. The papyrus Ebers; the Greatest Egyptian medical document. J Egypt Archaeol. 1938;24(2):250. doi: 10.2307/3854804.

King LS. Kremers and urdang’s history of pharmacy. JAMA. 1964;187(4):309.

Gaskell E. Great moments in medicine and pharmacy: a history of medicine and pharmacy in pictures, by G. A. Bender and R. A. Thom, Detroit, Northwood Institute Press, for Parke, Davis and Co; 1967;11(3):320. doi: 10.1017/S0025727300012436.

Van Staden D, Du Plessis J, Viljoen J. Development of topical/transdermal self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, not as simple as expected. Sci Pharm. 2020 Jun;88(2):17. doi: 10.3390/scipharm88020017.

Lobo S, Sachdeva S, Goswami T. Role of pressure-sensitive adhesives in transdermal drug delivery systems. Ther Deliv. 2016;7(1):33-48. doi: 10.4155/tde.15.87, PMID 26652621.

Tan HS, Pfister WR. Pressure-sensitive adhesives for transdermal drug delivery systems. Pharm Sci Technol Today. 1999;2(2):60-9. doi: 10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00119-4, PMID 10234208.

Cole HN. Mercurial ointments in the treatment of syphilis: their absorption as measured by studies on excretion. Arch Derm Syphilol. 1930;21(3):372-93. doi: 10.1001/ archderm.1930.01440090020002.

Coxe JR. The American dispensatory. Oxford University; 1818;XXX(41):209-10.

Pereira J. The elements of materia medica and therapeutics. The Elem Mater Med Ther; 2014.

A. S. Das absorptions verniogen der haut. Arch Anat Physiol. 1904;28(1):121-65.

Muehlberger CW. Shoe dye poisoning. JAMA. 1925;84(26):1987-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.1925.02660520015007.

Prosser White R. Poisoning from aniline black on shoes. Lancet. 1909;173(4457):349. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44789-6.

Poisoning by cutaneous absorption of aniline. Lancet. 1902;159(26):463-4.

Greenburg L. Occupational medicine and industrial hygiene. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1948;38(10):1464. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.38.10.1464-a.

Roberts MS, Anderson RA, Swarbrick J. Permeability of human epidermis to phenolic compounds. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1977;29(11):677-83. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11434.x, PMID 22602.

Mellick GD, Roberts MS. Structure-hepatic disposition relationships for phenolic compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999;158(1):50-60. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8682, PMID 10387932.

Martin Bouyer G, Lebreton R, Toga M, Stolley PD, Lockhart J. Outbreak of accidental hexachlorophene poisoning in France. Lancet. 1982;1(8263):91-5. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90225-2. PMID 6119504.

Malkinson FD, Kirschenbaum MB. Percutaneous absorption of C14-labeled triamcinolone acetonide. Arch Dermatol. 1963;88(4):427-39. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1963.01590220059007, PMID 14051354.

Wertz PW. Roles of lipids in the permeability barriers of skin and oral mucosa. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5229. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105229, PMID 34063352.

Wile UJ. Mode of absorption of mercury in the inunction treatment of syphilis. J Am Med Assoc. 1917;LXVIII(14). doi: 10.1001/jama.1917.04270040012006.

Cole HN. Excretion of mercury after intramuscular injection of mercuric bromide, inunction and rectal suppositories. Arch Dermatol. 1926;14(6). doi: 10.1001/ archderm.1926.02370240050005.

Zondek B, Shapiro B, Hestrin S. Application of the Millon reaction to the determination of chlorophenols in body fluids and tissues. Biochem J. 1943;37(5):589-91. doi: 10.1042/bj0370589, PMID 16747701.

Godin B, Touitou E. Transdermal skin delivery: predictions for humans from in vivo, ex vivo and animal models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(11):1152-61. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.07.004, PMID 17889400.

Brown EW, Scott WO. The absorption of methyl salicylate by the human skin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1934;50(1):32-50.

Gemmell DH, Morrison JC. The release of medicinal substances from topical applications and their passage through the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1957;9(10):641-56. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1957.tb12320.x, PMID 13476379.

Moore CR. Cutaneous absorption of sex hormones. J Am Med Assoc. 1938;111(1):11-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.1938.02790270013003.

Zondek B. Cutaneous application of follicular hormone. Lancet. 1938;231(5985):1107-10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94473-8.

Macht DI. The absorption of drugs and poisons through the skin and mucous membranes. J Am Med Assoc. 1938;110(6):409-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.1938.02790060001001.

Hadgraft JW, Somers GF. A method for studying percutaneous absorption in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1954;6(12):944-9. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb11029.x, PMID 13212676.

Wild RB, Roberts I. The absorption of mercurials from ointments is applied to the skin. Br Med J. 1926;1(3416):1076-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.3416.1076, PMID 20772629.

Wild RB. Part i.-on the official ointments, with special reference to the substances used as bases-part I. Br Med J. 1911;2(2638):161-2. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.2638.161, PMID 20765747.

Zondek B. Chemotherapeutical use of halogenized phenols as external disinfectants. Nature. 1942;149(3777):334-5. doi: 10.1038/149334a0.

Evans ES. A case of nitroglycerin poisoning. J Am Med Assoc. 1912;LVIII(8):550. doi: 10.1001/jama.1912.04260020234011.

Merrow RT, Cristol SJ, Van Dolah RWV. The reaction of n-butyl nitrate with alkaline hydrosulfides 1. J Am Chem Soc. 1953;75(17):4259-65. doi: 10.1021/ja01113a032.

Lund F. Percutaneous nitroglycerin treatment in gases of peripheral circulatory disorders, especially Raynaud’s disease. Acta Med Scand. 1948;130(S206):196-206. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1948.tb12036.x.

Fox MJ, Leslie CL. Treatment of Raynaud’s diseases with nitroglycerine. Wis Med J. 1948;47(9):855-8. PMID 18883774.

Davis JA, Wiesel BH. The treatment of angina pectoris with a nitroglycerin ointment. Am J Med Sci. 1955;230(3):259-63. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195509000-00004, PMID 13248859.

Reichek N, Goldstein RE, Redwood DR, Epstein SE. Sustained effects of nitroglycerin ointment in patients with angina pectoris. Circulation. 1974;50(2):348-52. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.50.2.348, PMID 4211087.

Faulkner JM. Nicotine poisoning by absorption through the skin. JAMA. 1933;100(21):1664-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.1933.02740210012005.

Maina G, Castagnoli C, Passini V, Crosera M, Adami G, Mauro M, Filon FL. Transdermal nicotine absorption handling e-cigarette refill liquids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;74(1):31-3. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.014, PMID 26619784.

Fitzsimons MP. Gynaecomastia in stilboestrol workers. Occup Environ Med. 1944;1(4):235-7. doi: 10.1136/oem.1.4.235.

Scarff RW, Smith CP. Proliferative and other lesions of the male breast. With notes on 2 cases of proliferative mastitis in stilbœstrol workers. Br J Surg. 2005;29(116):393-6. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18002911608.

Kanfer I, Shargel L. Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations (The Orange book). In: Generic drug product development; 2020. p. 36-51.

Macmillan FS, Reller HH, Synder FH. The antiperspirant action of topically applied anticholinergics. J Invest Dermatol. 1964;43(1):363-77. doi: 10.1038/jid.1964.167, PMID 14216513.

Holling HE, Mcardle B, Trotter WR. Prevention of seasickness by drugs. Lancet. 1944;243(6282):127-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)42499-2.

Gay LN, Carliner PE. The prevention and treatment of motion sickness I. Seasickness. Science. 1949;109(2832):359. doi: 10.1126/science.109.2832.359, PMID 17742134.

Smith PK. Use of hyoscine hydrobromide for the prevention of airsickness in flexible gunnery students. J Aviat Med. 1946;17(1):346. PMID 20997926.

Putcha L, Cintrón NM, Tsui J, Vanderploeg JM, Kramer WG. Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of scopolamine in normal subjects off. J Am Assoc Pharm Sci. 1989;6(6):481-5. doi: 10.1023/a:1015916423156, PMID 2762223.

Chandrasekaran SK, Michaels AS, Campbell PS, Shaw JE. Scopolamine permation through human skin in vitro. AIChE J. 1976;22(5):828-32. doi: 10.1002/aic.690220503.

Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE. Drug permeation through human skin: theory and in vitro experimental measurement. AIChE J. 1975;21(5):985-96. doi: 10.1002/aic.690210522.

Shaw J, Urquhart J. Programmed, systemic drug delivery by the transdermal route. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1979;1(1):208-11. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(79)90073-7.

Hoffman AS. The origins and evolution of ”controlled” drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2008;132(3):153-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.012, PMID 18817820.

Graybiel A.. Prevention and treatment of space sickness in shuttle-orbiter missions. Aviat Sp Environ Med. 1979;50(2):171-6.

Price NM, Schmitt LG, McGuire J, Shaw JE, Trobough G. Transdermal scopolamine in the prevention of motion sickness at sea. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;29(3):414-9. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1981.57, PMID 7009021.

Maier Lenz H, Ringwelski L, Windorfer A. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of a nitroglycerin ointment formulation (author’s transl). Arzneimittelforschung. 1980;30(2):320-4. PMID 6769443.

Sved S, McLean WM, McGilveray IJ. Influence of the method of application on the pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin from ointment in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1981;70(12):1368-9. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600701220, PMID 6798193.

Cossum PA, Roberts MS. Stability of nitroglycerin ointment. J Pharm Sci. 1981;70(7):832-3. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600700740, PMID 6790698.

Talley JD, Crawley IS. Transdermal nitrate, penile erection, and spousal headache. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(5):804. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-804_1, PMID 4051359.

Dasta JF, Geraets DR. Topical nitroglycerin: a new twist to an old standby. Am Pharm. 1982;NS22(2);NS22(2):29-35. PMID 6800248.

Banerjee S, Chattopadhyay P, Ghosh A, Datta P, Veer V. Aspect of adhesives in transdermal drug delivery systems. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2014;50(1):70-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.01.001.

Kharat R, Bathe RS. A comprehensive review on: transdermal drug delivery systems. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2016;7(4):147. doi: 10.7439/ijbar.v7i4.3131.

Nair AB, Gupta S, Al-Dhubiab BE, Jacob S, Shinu P, Shah J, Morsy MA, SreeHarsha N, Attimarad M, Venugopala KN, Akrawi SH. Effective therapeutic delivery and bioavailability enhancement of pioglitazone using the drug in an adhesive transdermal patch. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(7):359. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070359, PMID 31340601.

Pechova V, Gajdziok J, Muselik J, Vetchy D. Development of orodispersible films containing benzydamine hydrochloride using a modified solvent casting method. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19(6):2509-18. doi: 10.1208/s12249-018-1088-y, PMID 29948980.

De Mohac LM, Caruana R, Cavallaro G, Giammona G, Licciardi M. Spray-drying, solvent-casting and freeze-drying techniques: a comparative study on their suitability for the enhancement of drug dissolution rates. Pharm Res. 2020;37(3):1-1:57. doi: 10.1007/s11095-020-2778-1, PMID 32076880.

Uzun G, Aydemir D. Biocomposites from polyhydroxybutyrate and bio-fillers by solvent casting method. Bull Mater Sci. 2017;40(2):383-93. doi: 10.1007/s12034-017-1371-7.

Prezotti FG, Siedle I, Boni FI, Chorilli M, Müller I, Cury BSF. Mucoadhesive films based on gellan gum/pectin blends as potential platform for buccal drug delivery. Pharm Dev Technol. 2020;25(2):159-67. doi: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1682608, PMID 31623500.

Bouamer, Benrekaa, Younes. Structures, optical and mechanical properties of PLA/ZnO SiO2 Al2O3 composite elaborated by a solvent casting method. Proceedings. 2019;26(1):18.

Muthukumar S, Ganapathy RS. Formulation and evaluation of hydralazine hydrochloride buccal films by solvent casting method using different polymers for the management of hypertension. Int J Pharm Sci Res [Internet]. 2018;9(8):3328-33.

Wang LF, Rhim JW, Hong SI. Preparation of poly(lactide)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend films using a solvent casting method and their food packaging application. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2016;68(1):454-61. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.062.

Kalia V, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Development and evaluation of a sublingual film of the antiemetic granisetron hydrochloride. Artif Cells, Nanomedicine Biotechnol. 2016;44(3):842-6. doi: 10.3109/21691401.2014.984303, PMID 25435408.

Govindasamy K, Ramli MH, Pasbakhsh P, Pushpamalar V, Salamatinia B. Chitosan/cellulose/halloysite membranes produced using solvent casting method. Polym Polym Compos. 2015;23(5):325-32. doi: 10.1177/096739111502300506.

Tamer MA, Abd-Al Hammid SNA, Ahmed B. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of bromocriptine mesylate as fast dissolving oral film. Int J App Pharm. 2018;10(1):7-20. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.22615.

Shobana M. Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral film of sitagliptin phosphate by solvent casting method. Pharma Innov J. 2018;2(2):1-18.

Samiullah, Jan SU, Gul R, Jalaludin S, Asmathullah Samiullah, Jan SU, Gul R, Jalaludin S, Asmathullah. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches of pseudoephedrine HCLl. Int J App Pharm. 2020;12(3):121-7. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2020v12i3.37080.

Das A, Ahmed AB. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of indomethacin containing patchouli oil as a natural penetration enhancer. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(11):320-5. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.20926.

Jafri I, Shoaib MH, Yousuf RI, Ali FR. Effect of permeation enhancers on in vitro release and transdermal delivery of lamotrigine from Eudragit®RS100 polymer matrix-type drug in adhesive patches. Prog Biomater. 2019;8(2):91-100. doi: 10.1007/s40204-019-0114-9, PMID 31069700.

Chauhan SB, Naved T, Parvez N. Formulation and development of transdermal drug delivery system of ethinylestradiol and testosterone: in vitro evaluation. Int J App Pharm. 2019;11(1):55-60. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.28564.

Laxman JR, Pallavi A, Vyankatrao YA, Varsha GG, Vyankatrao PM, Nawaj SS. The pharmaceutical application of sulfoxy amine chitosan in design, development and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery of gliclazide. J Pharm Res Int. 2020;32(20):145-61. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030738.

Kulkarni S. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch for atomoxetine hydrochloride. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(2):32-5.

Dinanath Gaikwad D, Namdeo Jadhav N. Terminalia arjuna transdermal matrix formulation containing different polymer components. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12(6):266-70.

Yener G, Uner M, Gonullu U, Yildirim S, Kilic P, Aslan SS, Barla A. Design of meloxicam and lornoxicam transdermal patches: preparation, physical characterization, ex vivo and in vivo studies. Chem Pharm Bull. (Tokyo). 2010;58(11):1466-73. doi: 10.1248/cpb.58.1466, PMID 21048338.

Akhlaq M, Arshad MS, Mudassir AM, Hussain A, Kucuk I, Haj-Ahmad R, Rasekh M, Ahmad Z. Formulation and evaluation of anti-rheumatic dexibuprofen transdermal patches: a quality-by-design approach. J Drug Target. 2016;24(7):603-12. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2015.1116538, PMID 26586147.

Kumar SS, Rao M. Formulation and evaluation of bilayered felodipine transdermal patches: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021;14(3):106-11.

Castaneda PS, Escobar Chavez JJ, Aguado AT, Cruz IMR, Melgoza Contreras LM. Design and evaluation of a transdermal patch with atorvastatin. Farmacia. 2017;65(6):908-16.

Peddapalli H, Ganta RP, Boggula N. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches for antianxiety drug. Asian J Pharm. 2018;12(2):127-36.

Lakshmi SS, Srinivasa Rao YS, Asha D, Kumari PVK, Mallikarjun PN. Formulation and evaluation of rosuvastatin-calcium drug transdermal patch. Res J Pharm Technol. 2020;13(10):4784-90. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00841.0.

Sachdeva V, Bai Y, Kydonieus A, Banga AK. Formulation and optimization of desogestrel transdermal contraceptive patch using crystallization studies. Int J Pharm. 2013;441(1-2):9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.014, PMID 23262424.

Hamdan L, Husian J. Formulation and evaluation in vitro a matrix type of ketotifen fumarate transdermal patches for allergic diseases. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(10):327-33. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20123.

Subedi RK, Oh SY, Chun MK, Choi HK. Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res. 2010;33(3):339-51. doi: 10.1007/s12272-010-0301-7, PMID 20361297.

Shehata TM, Mohafez OMM, Hanieh HN. Pharmaceutical formulation and biochemical evaluation of atorvastatin transdermal patches. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2018;52(1):54-61. doi: 10.5530/ijper.52.1.6.

Budhathoki U, Gartoulla MK, Shakya S. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches of atenolol. Indones J Pharm. 2016;27(4):196-202. doi: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm27iss4pp196.

Ravichandiran V, Manivannan S. Wound healing potential of transdermal patches containing bioactive fraction from the bark of Ficus racemosa. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7(6):326-32.

Hardainiyan S, Kumar K, Nandy BC, Saxena R. Design, formulation and in vitro drug release from transdermal patches containing imipramine hydrochloride as model drug. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;9(6):220. doi: 10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i6.16851.

Silalahi AA, Ramlan Sinaga KR, Sumaiyah S. Formulation and evaluation of ketoprofen transdermal matrix patch containing different polymer components. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(11):316-8. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.27282.