THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE FROM MASSIVE AND UNCONTROLLED USE OF SULFONAMIDES IN MILK
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i4.17298Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance, Sulfonamides, Residues, Milk, ELISA, HPLCAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to discover sulfa residues in milk and to determine the most appropriate time required for allowing the consumption of milk after drug's use in dairy cattle.
Methods: 150 samples of raw milk were collected from 95% of dairy farms in Kosovo that were visited during years 2015-2016. At these farms, using a questionnaire, we have identified the treatment procedures of dairy cattle, the dose and the type of drug administered to them, as well as the duration of this administration. Then, ELISA screening method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC/FD) confirmatory method were used to analyse the collected samples.
Results: Out of 150 milk samples, 52% were given a combination of 400 mg sulfadiazine+80 mg trimethoprim, with a statistically significant difference compared to other sulfonamides p<0.01. During the examination by ELISA method, 8 of them (5%) had exceeded the limit of detection, while during the examination by HPLC/FD method, 4 of them (2.5%) had exceeded the maximum residue limit allowed. In the first 4 d after the treatment has ended, the level of sulfonamide residues was high 141.5%, which is as high as their initial dose, with statistically significant linear trend p<0.01.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in the collected raw milk there were sulfonamide residues, whose level has fallen following 4 d of treatment of the animal. It also shows the necessary time allowed for milk consumption. During this time milk must not be consumed in order to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance in the human population.
Downloads
References
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. Food chemistry. 4th ed. Springer; 2009. p. 498-545.
Jones GM. On farm tests for drug residues in milk. Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech; 2009. p. 401-404.
Soulsby EJ. Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals: Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution. Br Med J 2005;331:1219–20.
Dubey MK, Bhardwaj U, Hanif M, Chopra KK, Khanna A, Saini S. Rapid detection of multidrug resistance among multidrug resistant tuberculosis suspects using line probe assay. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;3:131-3.
Schneider K, Garrett L. Non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, corresponding resistance rates, and what can be done about it. Center for Global Development; 2009.
Peter N, Cherian N, Thomas S, George S, Sundresh NJ. Study of prescribing pattern and use of antibiotic in the management of wound infection. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;2:210-3.
Brackett CC, Singh H, Block JH. Likelihood and mechanisms of cross-allergenicity between sulfonamide antibiotics and other drugs containing a sulfonamide functional group. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:856–70.
Long AR, Hsieh LC, Malbrough MS, Short CR, Barker SA. Multiresidue method for the determination of sulphonamides in pork tissue. J Agric Food Chem 1990;38:423–6.
Thomson CA, Sporns P. Direct elisas for sulfathiazole in milk and honey with special emphasis on enzyme conjugate preparation. J Food Sci 1995;60:409-14.
Acar J, Rostel B. Antimicrobial resistance: an overview. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2001;20:797–810.
Honkanen BT, Reybroeck W. Antimicrobials in residues and contaminants in milk and milk products. Belgium; 1997. p. 26-33.
Gonzalez CA, Usher KM, Brooks AE, Majors RE. Determination of sulfonamides in milk using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Agilent Technologies, Inc; 2009. p. 1-5.
Schwarz S, Chaslus DE. Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance. Vet Res 2001;32:201–25.
Multi-screening Sulfonamides II ELISA. Netherlands cat. No; 5101SULMII.
Alaburda J, Ruvieri V, Shundo L, Almeida AP, Tiglea P, Sabino M. Sulfonamides in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Pesq Agropec Bras 2007;42:1587-92.
Chauhan K, Mujawar A, Quazi I. HPTLC method development and validation for densitometric analysis of carbocisteine in drug formulation. Int J Appl Pharm 2016;8:22-5.
Kamala G, Vadrevu S, Valli KN. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of lamivudine and zidovudine in bulk. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2016;1:28-33.
Sivakumar P, Anbarasu K. Catalytic pyrolysis of dairy industrial waste ldpe film into fuel. Int J Chem Res 2012;3:52-5.
Commission Decision 2002/657/EC of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results; 2002. p. 8-36.
Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products and repealing Directives 85/358/EEC and 86/469/EEC and Decisions 89/187/EEC and 91/664/EEC OJ L 125, 23.5.; 1996. p. 10-32.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development of Kosovo, Analysis of Livestock Sector in Kosovo, DLP. Project for RandI, Pristina, Kosovo; 2009.
Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Kosovo and FRY, different years. Project for RandI, Pristina, Kosovo; 2013.
World Health Organization. Use of antimicrobials outside human medicine and resultant antimicrobial resistance in humans. Health Topics 2002;268:1-4.
Kress C, Seidler C, Kerp B, Schneider E, Usleber E. Experiences with an identification and quantification program for inhibitor-positive milk sample. Anal Chim Acta 2007;586:275-9.
Tolentino RG, Perez MN, Gonzales GD, Leon SV, Lopez MG, Flores GP. Determination of the presence of 10 antimicrobial residues in mexican pasteurized milk. Intercsiencia 2005;30:291-4.
Tansakul N. A sulfadimidine model to evaluate pharmacocinetics and residues at varuous concentrations in laying hens. Hannover, Germany; 2008.
Sanders P, Guillot P, Dagorn M, Delmas JM. Liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol in calf tissues: studies of stability in muscle, kidney and liver. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1991;74:483-6.
Smedley MD. Liquid chromatographic determination of multiple sulfonamide residues in bovine milk: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 1994;77:1112-2.
Reybroeck W. Screening for residues of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in milk and honey. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium; 2010.
Abjean JP, Delepine B, Hurtaud DP. Qualitative or quantitative methods for residue analysis? A strategy for drug residue monitoring. EuroResidue IV Conference, Veldhoven, Netherlands; 2000.
Alkan P. The confirmation of commercial kits used in the detection of antibiotics in milk with HPLC (High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography). Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey; 2007.
Chung HH, Lee JB, Chung YH, Lee KG. Analysis of sulfonamide and quinolone antibiotic residues in Korean milk using microbial assays and high-performance liquid chromatography. Department of Food Science and Technology, Dongguk University, Republic of Korea; 2008.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
