ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CYANOTIS AXILLARIS (L.) D. DON EX SWEET AGAINST OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL STRAINS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i7.18868Keywords:
Antifungal, Cyanotis axillaris, Disc Diffusion, MICAbstract
Objective: The main focus of the study was to compare and determine the antifungal activities of different solvent extracts of Cyanotis axillaris.Methods: The dried whole plant of C. axillaris was extracted by sequential extraction method using solvents hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol based on their polarity. The antifungal activity of the extracts was tested against 12 opportunistic fungal strains by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using microtiter plate method.
Results: The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed significant antifungal activities. The highest antifungal activity was recorded for ethyl acetate extract of C. axillaris. In disc diffusion method at high concentration (5 mg/ml), the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the zone of inhibition>30 mm against C. krusei, mentagrophytes, Scopulariopsis sp. and B. cinerea. In MIC the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes, Scopulariopsis sp., B. cinerea in its low dose (0.031 mg/ml). The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. axillaris did not show activity against M. gypseum, T. rubrum and E. floccosum.
Conclusion: This is the first report for the antifungal efficacy of C. axillaris. The results proved that the extracts of C. axillaris have high potential antifungal principles which could fight against the opportunistic and multidrug resistant fungal strains.Downloads
References
Krasner RI. Concepts of microbial disease. In: The Microbial Challenge: Human–Microbe Interactions. Emerging Infect Dis 2002;6:103-12.
Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009;23:525-30.
Upadhyay MP, Karmacharya PC, Koirala S, Tuladhar NR, Bryan LE, Smolin G, et al. Epidemiological characteristics, predisposing factors, and etiologic diagnosis of corneal ulceration in Nepal. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:92–9.
Matee MI, Scheutz F, Moshy J. Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV-infected adult Tanzanians. Oral Dis 2000;6:106-11.
Chen J, Yang Q, Huang J, Li L. Risk factors for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and hospital mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Med Sci 2013;10:1625-31.
Smith N, Denning DW. Underlying pulmonary disease frequency in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Resp J 2011;37:865-72.
Denning DW, Pleuvry A, Cole DC. Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis complicating sarcoidosis. Eur Resp J 2013;41:621-6.
JH Rex, MG Rinaldi, MA Pfaller. Resistance of candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1–8.
Ruhnke M, Eigler A, Tennagen I, Geiseler B, Engelmann E, Trautmann M. Emergence of fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans in patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2092–8.
Saliba F, Dupont B. Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2008;46:97-112.
Bruggemann RJM, Alffenaar JWC, Blijlevens NMA, Billaud EM, Kosterink JGW, Verweij PW, et al. Clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic interactions of azole antifungal drugs with other coadministered agents. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1441-58.
Ahmad SR, Singer SJ, Leissa BG. Congestive heart failure associated with itraconazole. Lancet 2001;357:1766-7.
Riahi RR, Cohen PR. Voriconazole-associated phototoxicity [letter]. Dermatol Online J 2011;17:15.
Morice C, Acher A, Soufir N, Michel M, Comoz F, Leroy D, et al. Multifocal aggressive squamous cell carcinomas induced by prolonged voriconazole therapy: a case report. Case Report Med 2010. Doi:10.1155/2010/351084
Cook CDK. Aquatic and wetland plants of India. New York: Oxford University press Inc; 1996.
CLSI. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Guideline. 2nd Edition. CLSI document M44-A2. Wayne PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009.
CLSI. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Nondermatophyte Filamentous Fungi; Approved Guideline. CLSI document M51-A. Wayne PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; Approved standard-third edition; CLSI document M27-A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne; 2008a.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard CLSI document M38-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne; 2008b.
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Wealth of India, publications and information directory. New Delhi, India: CSIR; 1998. p. 164.
Fortes TO, Alviano DS, Tupinamba G, Padron TS, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, et al. Production of an antimicrobial substance against Cryptococcus neoformans by Paenibacillus brasilensis Sa3 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kalanchoe brasiliensis. Microbiol Res 2008;163:200-7.
Trick WE, Fridkin SK, Edwards JR, Hajjeh RA, Gaynes RP. Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:627–30.
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Pathogen Safety Data Sheet-Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum spp. Trichophyton spp. Pathogen Regulation Directorate, PHAC. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/epidermophyton-eng.php. [Last accessed on 02 Mar 2017]
Amend A. From dandruff to deep-sea vents: Malassezia-like fungi are ecologically hyper-diverse. PLOS Pathog 2014;10:1004277. Doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004277
Analssie EJ, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, Ro J, Vartivarian SE, Hopfer R, et al. New spectrum of fungal infections in patient with cancer. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:369-78.
Link HF. Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio prima, complectens anandrarum ordines epiphytas, mucedines gastomycos et fungos der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu Berlin. Magazin fu¨r Die Neuesten Entdeckungen in Der Gesamten Naturkunde 1809;3:1–42.
Kaushik S, Ram J, Chakrabarty A, Dogra MR, Brar GS, Gupta A. Curvularia lunata endophthalmitis with secondary keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:140–52.
Cuéllar C, Armando, Okori, Dennis O. Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of the fresh and dried whole plant extracts from Commelina benghalensis. Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim 2010;2:104-16.
Sangeorzan JA, Bradley SF, He X, Zarins LT, Ridenour GL, Tiballi RN, et al. Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance. Am J Med 1994;97:339-46.
Koletar SL, Russell JA, Fass RJ, Plouffe JF. Comparison of oral fluconazole and clotrimazole troches as treatment for oral candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2267-8.
Kauffinan CA, Bradley SF, Ross SC, Weber DR. Hepatosplenic candidiasis: successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 1991;91:137-41.
Stern JC, Shah MK, Lucente FE. In vitro effectiveness of 13 agents in otomycosis and review of literature. Laryngoscope 1988;98:1173–7.
Fisher JF, Newman CL, Sobel JD. Yeast in the urine: solutions for a budding problem. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:183-9.
Voss A, Meis JFGM, Korstanje JAAH. Fluconazole in the management of fungal urinary tract infections. Infection 1994;22:247-51.
Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, Chandrasekar PH, Fox B, Kaizer H, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992;326:845-51.
Winston DJ, Chandrasekar PH, Lazarus HM, Goodman JL, Silber JL, Horowitz H, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with acute leukemia: results of a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:495-503.
Tamokou JD, Mpetga DJS, Tene PKLM, Tane P, Kuiate JR. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Albizia adianthifolia (Mimosoideae). BMC Complementary Altern Med 2012;12:99.
Rahmayanti F, Suniarti DF, Masúd ZA, Bachtiar BM, Wimardhani YS, Subita GP. Ethyl acetate fraction of Garcinia mangostana linn pericarp extract: anti-Candida albicans and epithelial cytotoxicity. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016;9:357 60.
Bisht R, Chanyal S, Agrawal PK. Antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of medicinal fruit plants. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016;9:131-6.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
