TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL SYSTEMS FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i5.25374Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus (DM), Herbal medicines, Traditional systems, HerbsAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease which has clinched the world. More than 300 million people of the world are suffering from this disease and the number is still increasing at a rapid rate as modern medical science has no permanent solution for the disease. Current scenario of the nutraceuticals has increased patient's faith on the traditional medicinal system and world nutraceutical industry is estimated to reach $285.0 billion by 2021. The increasing trend of nutraceuticals in diabetes treatment makes it important to collect the traditional knowledge of medicines under one heading as it can help researchers to formulate new functional foods and nutraceuticals which can either lower down the risk or cure DM. In addition, the discussion of market available food products, their active components and possible health benefits can help the patients to understand the herbal medicines in a better way.Downloads
References
World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus; 1999.
American Diabetic Association. Classification Diagnosis Diabetes 2015;38 Suppl 1:S8-16.
Li WL, Zheng HC, Bukuru J, De Kimpe N. Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;92:1-21.
Nagalakshmi K, Sujatha S. Nanoencapsulation augments release efficiency and glucose tolerance of 14-deoxy, 11,12-didehydro andrographolide loaded polycaprolactoe nanoparticles in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes. Int J Appl Pharm 2017;9:51-3.
About diabetes as a risk factor. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/[Last accessed on 04 Apr 2018]
Khavane Karna B, Magar Vidya K, Payghan S. A current status of diabetes mellitus in India: a review. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017;6:235-43.
About Diabetes Capital of the world. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/ health-news/India-is-the-diabetes-capital-of-the-world/articleshow/50753461.cms [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2017]
Dhaliwali C, Erinmacpherson, Richardson J. Effectiveness of telephone-delievered interventions for increasing physical activity levels in persons with type 2 diabetes or hypertension: a systematic review. J Crit Rev 2015;2:6-11.
About chemical drugs. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020682s008lbl.pdf. [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2018]
About blood sugar levels. Available from: https://www. LiveScience. com/44498-what-is-normal-blood-sugar.html [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2017]
About blood sugar levels. Available from: https://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/what-is-a-normal-blood-sugar-level/[Last accessed on 29 Nov 2017]
Srilakshmi B. Dietetics. 7thed. New age international publishers; 2014.
About blood glucose levels. Available from: https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2017/06/27/13/25/diabetes-related-high-and-low-blood-sugar-levels [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2017]
About hyperglycemia. Available from: https:// www.emedicinehealth.com/high_blood_sugar_hyperglycemia/article_em.htm#high_blood_sugar_hyperglycemia_facts [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2017]
About AYUSH. Available from: http://zeenews.india.com/india/ prime-minister-narender-modi-to-inaugurate-first-all-india-institute-of-ayurveda-on-ayurveda-day-dhanteras-2017-2050583.html [Last accessed on 28 Nov 2017]
Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Devasagayam TP. Recent advances in Indian herbal drug research guest editor: Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2007;40:163-73.
Rizvi SI, Mishra N. Traditional Indian medicines used for the management of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013:1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/712092
Abascal K, Yarnell E. Using bitter melon to treat diabetes. J Altern Complement 2005;11:179-84.
Alam MA, Uddin R, Subhan N, Rahman MM, Jain P, Reza HM. Beneficial role of bitter melon supplementation in obesity and related complications in metabolic syndrome. J Lipids 2015;1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/496169
Bhowmik D, Tripathi K, Das B. Natural medicines used in the traditional Indian medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;92:1-21.
Makhija IK, Sharma IP, Khamar D. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ficus religiosa: an overview. Ann Biol Res 2010;1:171-80.
Pandit R, Phadke A, Jagtap A. Antidiabetic effect of Ficus religiosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;128:462-6.
Prince PS, Menon VP, Pari L. Hypoglycaemic activity of Syzigium cumini seeds: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;61:1-7.
Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS, Dev G. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;85:201-6.
El-Soud NH, Khalil MY, Hussein JS, Oraby FS, Farrag AH. Antidiabetic effects of fenugreek alkaloid extract in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. J Appl Sci Res 2007;3:1073-83.
Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Mohammed AK, Abd-Alrahman SH, Yakout SM, et al. Fenugreek extract as an inducer of cellular death via autophagy in human T lymphoma jurkat cells. BMC J Altern Complement 2012;12:202.
Joseph B, Jini D. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013;3:93-102.
Gazuwa SY, Makanjuola ER, Jaryum KH, Kutshik JR, Mafulul SG. The Phytochemical composition of Allium cepa/Allium sativum and the effect of their aqueous extracts (cooked and raw forms) on the lipid profile and other hepatic biochemical parameters in female albino wistar rats. Asian J Exp Biol Sci Vol 2013;4:406-10.
El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NA. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005;43:57-63.
Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK. Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin-induced alterations in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:155-60.
Mukundi MJ, Piero NM, Mwaniki NE, Murugi NJ, Daniel AS, Peter GK, et al. Antidiabetic effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Acacia nilotica in alloxan induced diabetic mice. J Diabetes Metab 2015;6:1-6.
Abo-Youssef AM, Messiha BA. Beneficial effects of Aloe vera in treatment of diabetes: comparative in vivo and in vitro studies. Bull Faculty Pharm Cairo University 2013;51:7-11.
Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S. Amla-the role of ayurvedic therapeutic herb in cancer. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011;4:13-7.
Pinto MDS, Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Lajolo F, Genovese MI, Shetty K. Evaluation of red currants (Ribes rubrum l.), black currants (Ribes nigrum l.), red and green gooseberries (Ribes uvaâ€crispa) for potential management of type 2 diabetes and hypertension using in vitro models. J Food Biochem 2010;34:639-60.
Lee SY, Park SL, Hwang JT, Yi SH, Nam YD, Lim SI. Antidiabetic effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fermented by cheonggukjang in KK-Ay diabetic mice. J Evidence Based Complementary Altern Med 2012;2256-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/163280
Shoaib ZM, Muhammad F, Javed I, Akhtar M, Khaliq T, Aslam B, et al. White mulberry (Morus alba): a brief phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations account. Int J Environ Agric Res 2013;15:612-20.
Jeszka Skowron M, Flaczyk E, Jeszka J, Krejpcio Z, Krol E, Buchowski MS. Mulberry leaf extract intake reduces hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2014;8:9-17.
Gutiérrez RM, Mitchell S, Solis RV. Psidium guajava: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;117:1-27.
Sengupta R, Sawant CS, Karmarkar SM, Bhagwat AM. Antihyperglycaemic anti diabetic effect of the leaf extracts of Albizzia lebbeck linn. (benth) and Psidium guajava linn. On alloxan and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011;4:129-31.
Hanlon PR, Barnes DM. Phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts and mature taproots. J Food Sci 2011;76:185-92.
Shukla S, Chatterji S, Mehta S, Rai PK, Singh RK, Yadav DK, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Raphanus sativus root juice. Pharm Biol 2011;49:32-7.
Uma B, Prabhakar K, Rajendran S, Sarayu YL. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Coriandrum sativum against infectious diarrhea. Ethnobot Leaflets 2009;13:590-4.
Mazhar J, Mazumder A. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2013;4:500-7.
Kumar A, Ilavarasan R, Jayachandran T, Decaraman M, Aravindhan P, Padmanabhan N, et al. Phytochemicals investigation on a tropical plant, Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Pak J Nutr 2009;8:83-5.
Willatgamuwa SA, Platel K, Saraswathi G, Srinivasan K. Antidiabetic influence of dietary cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res 1998;18:131-42.
Shihabudeen HM, Priscilla DH, Thirumurugan K. Cinnamon extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. Nutr Metab 2011;8:1-11.
Khaki A, Khaki AA, Hajhosseini L, Golzar FS, Ainehchi N. The anti-oxidant effects of ginger and cinnamon on spermatogenesis dys-function of diabetes rats. African J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014;11:1-8.
Omar SH. Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Sci Pharm 2010;78:133-54.
El-Amin M, Virk P, Elobeid MA, Almarhoon ZM, Hassan ZK, Omer SA, et al. Anti-diabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (L) and Olea europaea (L) leaf extracts on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013;26:359-65.
Wainstein J, Ganz T, Boaz M, Bar Dayan Y, Dolev E, Kerem Z, et al. Olive leaf extract as a hypoglycemic agent in both human diabetic subjects and in rats. J Med Food 2012;15:605-10.
Kavalalı G, Tuncel H, Göksel S, Hatemi HH. Hypoglycemic activity of Urtica pilulifera in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:241-5.
Farzami B, Ahmadvand D, Vardasbi S, Majin FJ, Khaghani SH. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perfused islets of langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:47-53.
Ahmed MF, Kazim SM, Ghori SS, Mehjabeen SS, Ahmed SR, Ali SM, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int J Endocrinol 2010:1-6. Doi:10.1155/2010/841090.
Nammi S, Boini MK, Lodagala SD, Behara RB. The juice of fresh leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. reduces blood glucose in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. BMC Complementary Altern Med 2003;3:1-4.
Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Devi RV. Pharmacological activities of Catharanthus roseus: a perspective review. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2013;4:431-9.
Divya BJ, Suman B, Venkataswamy M, Thyagaraju K. A study on phytochemicals, functional groups and mineral composition of Allium sativum (garlic) cloves. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2017;9:42-5.
El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NA. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005;43:57-63.
Ohaeri OC. Effect of garlic oil on the levels of various enzymes in the serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Biosci Rep 2001;21:19-24.
Angelova N, Kong HW, Heijden R, Yang SY, Choi YH, Kim HK, et al. Recent methodology in the phytochemical analysis of ginseng. Phytochem Anal 2008;19:2-16.
Kim HY, Kang KS, Yamabe N, Nagai R, Yokozawa T. Protective effect of heat-processed American ginseng against diabetic renal damage in rats. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:8491-7.
Hassan NA, Karunakaran R, Sankar U, Aye KM. Anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber officinale on sprague dawley rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:353-5.
Islam MS, Choi H. Comparative effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) investigated in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J Med Food 2008;11:152-9.
Subapriya R, Nagini S. Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2005;5:149-56.
Gupta S, Kataria M, Gupta PK, Murganandan S, Yashroy RC. Protective role of extracts of neem seeds in diabetes caused by streptozotocin in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:185-9.
Arulselvan P, Subramanian SP. Beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaves on antioxidant defense system and ultra-structural changes of pancreatic β-cells in experimental diabetes in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2007;165:155-64.
Kesari AN, Kesari S, Singh SK, Gupta RK, Watal G. Studies on the glycemic and lipidemic effect of Murraya koenigii in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;112:305-11.
Yadav S, Vats V, Dhunnoo Y, Grover JK. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;82:111-6.
Gopinath S, Rakesh C, Murthy T, Dayananda K. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus reticulatus of siddarabetta, Tumkur district, Karnatka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2012;4:109-11.
Kang MH, Lee MS, Choi MK, Min KS, Shibamoto T. Hypoglycemic activity of Gymnema sylvestre extracts on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:2517-24.
Tanaka K, Nishizono S, Makino N, Tamaru S, Terai O, Ikeda I. Hypoglycemic activity of Eriobotrya japonica seeds in type 2 diabetic rats and mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008;72:686-93.
Vishwakarma S, Chandan K, Jeba RC, Khushbu S. Comparative study of qualitative phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Mentha arvensis, Elettaria cardamomum and Allium porrum. Indo Am J Pharm Res 2014;4:2538-56.
El-Yamani MA. Cinnamon, cardamom and ginger impacts as evaluated on hyperglycemic rats. Res J Specific Education 2011;20:665-78.
Park SH, Ryu SN, Bu Y, Kim H, Simon JE, Kim KS. Antioxidant components as potential neuroprotective agents in sesame (Sesamum indicum). Food Rev Int 2010;26:103-21.
Bhuvaneswari P, Krishnakumari S. Antihyperglycemic potential of Sesamum indicum (Linn) seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci 2012;4:527-31.
Khadse PM, Deshmukh VR. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, pharmacological studies and traditional benefits of Trachyspermum ammi (l.) Spraug. Int J Appl Res 2017;3:49-51.
Niaz K, Gull S, Zia MA. Antihyperglycemic/hypoglycemic effect of celery seeds (ajwain/ajmod) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Rawalpindi Med Coll 2013;17:134-7.
Ahmad N, Fazal H, Abbasi BH, Farooq S, Ali M, Khan MA. Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (black pepper): a review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1945-53.
Rauscher FM, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Effects of piperine on antioxidant pathways in tissues from normal and streptozotocinâ€induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000;14:329-34.
Sharafi SM, Rasooli I, Owlia P, Taghizadeh M, Astaneh SD. Protective effects of bioactive phytochemicals from Mentha piperita with multiple health potentials. Pharmacogn Mag 2010;6:147-53.
Barbalho SM, Damasceno DC, Spada AP, Silva VS, Martuchi KA, Oshiiwa M, et al. Metabolic profile of offspring from diabetic wistar rats treated with Mentha piperita (peppermint). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/430237
Xie W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Traditional Chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;1-13. Doi:10.1155/2011/726723.
Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview. J Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2005;2:465-73.
Lee YS, Kim WS, Kim KH, Yoon MJ, Cho HJ, Shen Y, et al. Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Diabetes 2006;55:2256-64.
Tang LQ, Wei W, Chen LM, Liu S. Effects of berberine on diabetes induced by alloxan and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;108:109-15.
Zhang R, Zhou J, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Gu G. Hypoglycemic effect of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide in hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its mechanism. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:39-43.
Semwal DK, Badoni R, Semwal R, Kothiyal SK, Singh GJ, Rawat U. The genus Stephania (Menispermaceae): Chemical and pharmacological perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:369-83.
Jung M, Park M, Lee HC, Kang YH, Kang ES, Kim SK. Antidiabetic agents from medicinal plants. Curr Med Chem 2006;13:1203-18.
Wang D, Liu Z, Guo M, Liu S. Structural elucidation and identification of alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2004;39:1356-65.
Xiao W, Han L, Shi B. Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Radix astragali. Sep Purif Technol 2008;62:614-8.
Hoo RL, Wong JY, Qiao CF, Xu A, Xu HX, Lam KS. The effective fraction isolated from Radix astragali alleviates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in db/db diabetic mice through its anti-inflammatory activity. J Clin Nutr Metab 2010;7:1-12.
Rudge MV, Damasceno DC, Volpato GT, Almeida FC, Calderon ID, Lemonica IP. Effect of Ginkgo biloba on the reproductive outcome and oxidative stress biomarkers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007;40:1095-9.
Kim JO, Kim KS, Lee GD, Kwon JH. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of new herbal formula in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2009;12:728-35.
Chen X, Wang L, Fan S, Song S, Min H, Wu Y, et al. Puerarin acts on the skeletal muscle to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats involving μ-opioid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2018;818:115-23.
Asgary S, Rafieian Kopaei M, Shamsi F, Najafi S, Sahebkar A. Biochemical and histopathological study of the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Complementary Int Med 2014;11:63-9.
Subbarayappa BV. The roots of ancient medicine: an historical outline. J Biosci 2001;26:135-43.
Rahman R, Pasha S, Katoch D, Siddiqui K, Khan M, Jamil S. Unani system of medicine the science of health and healing; 2013. p. 1-16.
Husain A, Sofi GD, Tajuddin T, Dang R, Kumar N. Unani system of medicine-introduction and challenges. Med J Islamic World Acad Sci 2010;18:27-30.
Rahman SZ, Khan RA, Latif A. Importance of pharmaco vigilance in Unani system of medicine. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:S17-20.
Said HM. The Unani system of health and medicare; 1983. p. 61-7.
Said O, Fulder S, Khalil K, Azaizeh H, Kassis E, Saad B. Maintaining a physiological blood glucose level with ‘glucolevel’, a combination of four anti-diabetes plants used in the traditional Arab herbal medicine. J Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2008;5:421-8.
Zaid H, Said O, Hadieh B, Saad AK. Diabetes prevention and treatment with Greco-Arab and Islamic-based natural products. Civilization 2011;15:19-38.
Abdel-Hassan IA, Abdel-Barry JA, Mohammeda ST. The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:325-30.
Hussain AI, Rathore HA, Sattar MZ, Chatha SA, Sarker SD, Gilani AH. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;155:54-66.
Anil P, Nikhil B, Manoj G, Prakash NB. Phytochemicals and biological activities of Fagonia indica. Int Res J Pharm 2012;3:56-9.
Kamran SH, Shoaib RM, Mobasher Ahmad SI, Anwar R. Antidiabetic and renoprotective effect of Fagonia cretica L. methanolic extract and Citrus paradise Macfad. juice in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2017;5:365-80.
Munir A, Sultana B, Babar T, Bashir A, Amjad M, Hassan Q. Investigation on the antioxidant activity of leaves, fruit and stem bark of Dhraik (Melia azedarach). European J Appl Sci 2012;4:47-51.
Sultana S, Asif HM, Akhtar N, Waqas M, Rehman SU. Comprehensive review on ethanobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Melia azedarach Linn. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014;6:26-32.
Vijaya VT, Srinivasan D, Sengottuvelu S. Wound healing potential of Melia azedarach L. leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Glob J Res Med Plants Indig Med 2012;1:265-71.
Talukdar SN, Hossain MN. Phytochemical, phytotherapeutical and pharmacological study of Momordica dioica. J Evidence Based Complementary Altern Med 2014;1-11.
Gupta R, Katariya P, Mathur M, Bajaj VK, Yadav S, Kamal R, et al. Antidiabetic and renoprotective activity of Momordica dioica in diabetic rats. Diabetologia Croatica 2011;40:81-8.
Ali BH, Al-Qarawi AA, Bashir AK, Tanira MO. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Rhazya stricta decne: a review. Phytother Res 2000;14:229-34.
Ali BH. The effect on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels of treatment of diabetic rats with the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta and with glibenclamide, alone and in combination. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:1003-7.
Wasfi IA, Bashir AK, Amiri MH, Abdalla AA. The effect of Rhazya stricta on glucose homeostasis in normal and streptozoticin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;43:141-7.
Bhatt M, Gahlot M, Juyal V, Singh A. Phytochemical investigation and antidiabetic activity of Adhatoda zeylanica. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011;4:27-30.
Gulfraz M, Ahmad A, Asad MJ, Afzal U, Imran M, Anwar P, et al. Antidiabetic activities of leaves and root extracts of Justicia adhatoda Linn against alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:6101-6.
Ngule CM, Swamy A. Phytochemical and bioactivity evaluation of Senna didymobotrya Fresen Irwin used by the Nandi community in Kenya. Int J Bioassays 2013;2:1037-43.
Shanmugasundaram R, Devi KV, Soris TP, Maruthupandian A, Mohan VR. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2011;3:747-56.
Anitha T, Balakumar C, Ilango KB, Benedict Jose C, Vetrivel D. Antidiabetic activity of the aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem 2014;3:487-94.
Jamwal NS, Kumar S, Rana AC. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Foeniculum vulgare. Pharma Sci Monit 2013;4:327-41.
Bahmani M, Sarrafchi A, Shirzad H, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shahsavari S, et al. Pharmaceutical, phytochemical, and economical potentials of Glycyrrhiza glabra L: a review. J Chem Pharm Sci 2015;8:683-92.
Nakagawa K, Kishida H, Arai N, Nishiyama T, Mae T. Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-Ay mice. ‎Biol Pharm Bull 2004;27:1775-8.
Baldé NM, Youla A, Balde MD, Kake A, Diallo MM, Baldé MA, et al. Herbal medicine and treatment of diabetes in Africa: an example from Guinea. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:171-5.
Mahomoodally MF. Traditional medicines in Africa: an appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. J Evidence Based Complementary Altern Med 2013:1-14. Doi:10.1155/2013/617459
Elujoba AA, Odeleye OM, Ogunyemi CM. Traditional medicine development for medical and dental primary health care delivery system in Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2006;2:46-61.
Tsabang N, Ngah N, Estella FT, Agbor GA. Herbal medicine and treatment of diabetes in Africa: case study in cameroon. Diabetes Case Rep 2016;1:1-6.
Marnewick JL. Rooibos and honeybush: recent advances in chemistry, biological activity and pharmacognosy. African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry and Quality, Edition: 1. Chapter: 16, Publisher: Oxford University Press: Editors. Juliani HR. Simon JE. Ho C-T. 2009. p. 277-94.
Ulicna O, Vancova O, Bozek P, Carsky J. Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) partially prevents oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Physiol Res 2006;55:157-64.
Devi NN, Prabakaran JJ, Wahab F. Phytochemical analysis and enzyme analysis of endophytic fungi from Centella asiatica. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1280-4.
Chauhan PK, Pandey IP, Dhatwalia VK. Evaluation of the anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Centella asiatica leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Adv Biol Res 2010;4:27-30.
Muller CJF, Joubert E, Gabuza K, Beer D, Fey SJ, Louw J. Assessment of the antidiabetic potential of an aqueous extract of honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) in streptozotocin and obese insulin resistant wistar rats. In: Rasooli I. editor. Phytochemicals-bioactivities and impact on health. INTECH publishers; 2011. p. 313-34.
Mncwangi N, Chen W, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Gericke N. Devil's claw-a review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Harpagophytum procumbens. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;143:755-71.
Mahomed IM, Ojewole JA. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic properties of Harpagophytum procumbens DC (Pedaliaceae) secondary root aqueous extract. Phytother Res 2004;18:982-9.
Asgarpanah J, Ramezanloo F. An overview on phytopharmacology of Pelargonium graveolens L. Indian J Traditional Knowledge 2015;14:558-63.
Boukhris M, Bouaziz M, Feki I, Jemai H, Feki AE, Sayadi S. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of leaf essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. In alloxan induced diabetic rats. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:1-10.
Stream CP3 Capsules. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/stream-cp-3-capsules-15763594288.html [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2017]
Herbal Hills Methi Powder. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Herbal-Hills-Methi-Powder-Fenugreek/dp/B00PJOPX86/ref=sr_1_2_a_it?ie=UTF8andqid=1517825999andsr=8-2andkeywords=herbal+hills+methi+seed+powder. [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2017]
Pitambri Karela Tablets. Available from: https://dir.indiamart.com/search.mp?ss=Pitambri+Karela+Tablets [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2017]
Himalaya Karela Tablets. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/karela-tablets-16516304791.html [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2017]
Gluco Care Karela Medicine. Available from: https://d .indiamart.com/proddetail/deemark-diaba-amrit-11256098630.html [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2017]
Reese Onion Juice. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Reese-Onion-JuiceUse-Powdered-1-Bottle/dp/B079DD6Q3M/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?ie=UTF8andqid=1517852382andsr=8-1andkeywords=Reese+Fresh+Onion+Juice [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Durkee Garlic Oil. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Durkee-Liquid-Garlic-32-Ounce/dp/B007KZJOPK/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1_s_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517852898andsr=1-1-fkmr1andkeywords=Falcon+Garlic+Oil [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Bongiorno PB, Fratellone PM, LoGiudice P. Potential health benefits of garlic (Allium sativum): a narrative review. J Complementary Integr Med 2008;5:1-24.
Bhumija Tulsi Capsules. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/tulsi-capsules-11193144488.html [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Shivalik Tulsi Capsules. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/tulsi-capsules-7249169897.html [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Patanjali Aloe vera Juice. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/patanjali-aloe-vera-juice-13718436862.html [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Triphala Aloe vera Juice. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/triphala-aloe-vera-juice-12294363430.html [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Loots DT, Westhuizen FH, Botes L. Aloe ferox leaf gel phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and possible health benefits. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:6891-6.
Patanjali Amla Juice. Available from: https://www. indiamart. com/proddetail/patanjali-amla-juice-17957857533.html [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Himalaya Organic Amla Capsules. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Himalaya-Organic-Natural-Antioxidant-Support/dp/B001GCTTI0/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517853752andsr=8-1andkeywords=Himalaya+Amla+Capsules [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Cure Garden Gluco Balance. Available from: https://dir.indiamart.com/search. mp?ss=Cure+Garden+Gluco+Balance [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Best Naturals Mulberry Extract. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Best-Naturals-Mulberry-Extract-Count/dp/B00FM9RUNY/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517854008andsr=8-1andkeywords=Swanson+White+Mulberry+Leaf+Extract [Last accessed on 20 Dec 2017]
Butt MS, Nazir A, Sultan MT, Schroën K. Morus alba L. nature's functional tonic. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008;19:505-12.
Neem Capsules. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/neem-capsules-10344830488.html [Last accessed on 23 Dec 2017]
Ayurleaf Neem Capsules. Available from: http://www.ayurleaf.in/ayurvedic-supplements. html#neem-capsules [Last accessed on 23 Dec 2017]
Coriander Gold 350 Seeds. Available from: http:// www.sikkoindustries.net/vegetable-seeds.html#coriander-gold-350-seeds [Last accessed on 23 Dec 2017]
Black Cumin Seed Oil Softgels. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Black-Cumin-Seed-Oil-Softgels/dp/B01M1CKOSN/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?ie=UTF8andqid=1517938031andsr=8-1-sponsandkeywords=health%2Bthru%2Bnutrition%2Bblack%2Bcumin%2Bseed%2Boilandth=1 [Last accessed on 23 Dec 2017]
Dalchini Capsules. Available from: http://www.vitawinherbal.com/single-herb-capsule.html#dalchini-capsule [Last accessed on 25 Dec 2017]
Himalaya Gluco Care Diabecon Gymnema Capsules. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Himalaya-GlucoCare-Diabecon-Gymnema-Capsules/dp/B000H89G2I/ ref=sr_1_1_s_it?s=hpcandie=UTF8andqid=1517938388andsr=-1andkeywords=GlucocareanddpID=61iHqD6l5vLandpreST=_SX300_QL70_anddpSrc=src [Last accessed on 25 Dec 2017]
Nutria Flair Cinnamon Organic Serving Capsules. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/NutriFlair-Cinnamon-Organic-Serving-Capsules/dp/B01GNUJEZW/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?s=hpcandie=UTF8andqid=1517938692andsr=1-1-sponsandkeywords=Ceylon+Cinnamon+Powder+for+diabetic+patientsandpsc=1 [Last accessed on 25 Dec 2017]
Ashwagandha Capsules. Available from: https://www.indiamart. com/proddetail/ashwagandha-capsules-12717607512.html [Last accessed on 25 Dec 2017]
Herbal Hills Dia Care Churna. Available from: https://www. amazon.com/Herbal-Hills-Dia-Care-Churna/dp/B00PJOLZXI/ref=sr_1_2_s_it?s=hpcandie=UTF8andqid=1517939478andsr=1-2andkeywords=Herbal+Hills+Dia+Care+Churna [Last accessed on 25 Dec 2017]
Inlife Diastan Diabetic Balance Supplement. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/INLIFE-Diastan-Diabetic-Balance-Supplement/dp/B0776RLDL3/ref=sr_1_1_s_it?s=hpcandie=UTF8andqid=1517939753andsr=1-1andkeywords=Inlife+Diastan [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Sunergetic Olive Leaf Extract. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01H46PX8Q/ref=abs_brd_tag_dp [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Disano Olive Extra Light Flavour. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Disano-Olive-Extra-Light-Flavour/dp/B016DM4PTK/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?ie=UTF8andqid=1517940492andsr=8-1andkeywords=Disano+Olive+Oil [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Planetary Herbals Rehmannia Endurance 150 Tabs. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Rehmannia-Endurance-Planetary-Herbals-Tabs/dp/B005P0NKES/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517940559andsr=8-1andkeywords=Planetary+Herbals+Rehmannia+Endurance+150+TabanddpID=416A5r-954LandpreST=_SY300_QL70_anddpSrc=srch [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Pure Berberine 900 mg Serving Capsules. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Pure-Berberine-900 mg-Serving-Capsules/dp/B017DULZKI [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Pure Mountain Botanicals Immuno Well RX Capsules. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Immuno-Well-Capsules-Organic-Astragalus/dp/B00SLU00SI/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517942154andsr=8-1andkeywords=Pure+Mountain+Botanicals+Astragalus+Capsules [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Herbal Hills Dhamasa Powder. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Herbal-Hills-Dhamasa-Powder-Pack/dp/B0146M8UEA/ref=sr_1_1_s_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517942606andsr=1-1andkeywords=Herbal+Hills+Dhamasa+PowderanddpID=51Llnphr8sLandpreST=_SY300_QL70_anddpSrc=srch [Last accessed on 27 Dec 2017]
Shri ji Herbal Spenai Bitter Powder. Available from: http://www.shrijiherbalproducts.net/anti-diabetic-medicines.html#spenai-powder [Last accessed on 28 Dec 2017]
Piping Rock Licorice Extract. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Piping-Rock-Licorice-Extract-Dropper/dp/B01E4GDWAU/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?s=groceryandie=UTF8andqid=1517943202andsr=8-1andkeywords=Piping%2BRock%2BLicorice%2BRoot%2BLiquid%2BExtractandth=1 [Last accessed on 28 Dec 2017]
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
