QUANTIFICATION OF ASH AND SELECTED PRIMARY METABOLITES FROM NON-EDIBLE PARTS OF SEVERAL FRUITS
Keywords:
Fruit waste, Primary metabolites, AshAbstract
Objective: Fruit peel and seeds are generally considered as waste and it creates a trouble in waste management. Economic value and use of the plant partially dependent on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of their organic reserves like sugar, starch, protein etc. The purity of material is associated with the ash analysis. The present study was aimed to analyze selected fruit waste for their ash content and primary metabolites.
Methods: Selected fruit waste was collected, cleaned, dried and powdered. This powdered material was used for analysis. Total ash value, water soluble ash value, and acid insoluble ash were analyzed. Methods proposed by Nelson for total and reducing sugar, Chinoy for starch and Bradford for protein were adopted for estimation of primary metabolites.
Results: Highest content of total ash was recorded 12.73±0.1% in watermelon peel (WMP), acid insoluble ash 0.94±0.05% in cucumber peel (CC) and water soluble ash was highest in WMP i.e. 11.44±0.05%. Pomegranate peel (PGP) recorded the maximum amount of total and reducing sugar 44.35±0.20 mg/gdw and 45.68±0.04 mg/gdw respectively. Mango seeds were recorded for highest starch content i.e. 21.86±5.45 mg/gdw. Watermelon peel (WMP) showed the highest protein content i.e. 32.35±0.66 mg/gdw in comparison with other fruit waste materials.
Conclusion: The outcome of this study might prove important in reducing waste and also in industries fruit waste can be utilized as raw materials having commercial importance. Secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds can be synthesized by using these primary metabolites. Obtained findings can lead to a great interest in fruit waste pharmaceuticals.
Â
Downloads
References
Alesiani D, Canini A, Abrosca BD, DellaGreca M, Fiorentino A, Mastellone C. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of phytochemicals from Quince (Cydonia vulgaris) peels. Food Chem 2010;118:199–207.
Li Y, Guo C, Yang J, Wei J, Xu J, Cheng S. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chem 2006;96:254–60.
Parashar S, Sharma H, Garg M. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of fruits and vegetable peels: a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2014;3:160-4.
ICAR. Agricultural Research Data Book. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: New Delhi; 2012.
NHB. Indian Horticulture Database. National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi; 2011.
FAO. World Livestock 2011–Livestock in food security. Rome, FAO; 2011.
MOFPI. Annual Report. Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, New Delhi; 2007.
Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Otterdijk R, Meybeck A. Global food losses and food waste: extent causes and prevention study conducted for the International Congress SAVE FOOD! At Interpack 2011, Düsseldorf, Germany. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2011.
Aleksandra Duda-Chodak, Tomasz Tarko. Antioxidant properties of different fruit seeds and peels. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 2007;6:29-36.
Djilas SJ. Čanadanović-brunet Gordana ćetković. By-products of fruits processing as a source of phytochemicals. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q 2009;15:191−202.
Hemaida MH. Isolation of natural antioxidants from vegetables waste by-products. Agric Sci Mansura University 1994;19:2953–60.
Larrosa M, Llorach R, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA. Increase of antioxidant activity of tomato juice upon functionalisation with byproduct vegetable extracts. Elsevier, Kidlington, ROYAUME-UNI; 2002.
Sunggyu L. Encyclopedia of chemical processing. Edn. 3. Vol I. CRC Press; 2005. p. 31-3.
Tatsuta K, Hosokawa S. Total syntheses of bioactive natural products from carbohydrates-a review. Sci Technol Adv Mat 2006;7:397-410.
Jayaraman J. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi; 1981.
Bray HG, Thrope WV. Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem Anal 1954;1:27-52.
Sharma P, Sarin R. In vivo and in vitro biochemical investigation of primary metabolic from pedalium murex. Int J Res Rev Pharm Appl Sci 2012;2:550-5.
Anonymous. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Vol II. 4th ed. New Delhi: Controller of Publications, Government of India; 1996.
Kokate CK. Practical Pharmacognosy. Vallabh Prakashan; 1994. p. 116-20, 123-4.
Manjulika Y, Sanjukta C, Sharad KG, Geeta W. Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:539-42.
Nelson N. A photometric adaption of the Somogyi’s method for the determination of glucose. J Biol Chem 1944;153:375-80.
Chinoy JJ. A new colorimetric method for the determination of starch applied to soluble starch, natural starches and flour, part-I, colorimetric determination of soluble starch. Mikrochemie 1939;26:132.
Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of proteins utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248-54.
Apraj VD, Pandita NS. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of citrus reticulata blanco peel. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2014;6:328-31.
Kaufman PB, Duke JA, Briclmam H, Cseke S, Warber S. Natural products from plants. CRC Press Boca Ratton, FL; 1999.
Freeze H. Disorders in protein glycosylation and protein therapy. J Pediatr 1998;133:543-600.
Tester RF, Karkalas J. The effects of environmental conditions on the structural features and physico-chemical properties of starches. Starcheskom 2001;53:513–9.
Griffin GJL, Wang JK. Industrial Uses. In: Wang JK. editors. Taro-a review of Colocasia esculenta and its potentials. Honolulu, USA: University of Hawaii press; 1983. p. 301-12.
Schwach E, Averous L. Starch based biodegradable blends: Morphology and interface properties. Polymer Inter 2004;53:2115-24.
Entwistle G, Bachelor S, Booth E, Walker K. Economics of starch production in the UK. Ind Crops Prod 1998;7:175-86.
Garth E, Sheila B, Elaine B, Kerr W. Economics of starch production in the UK. Industrial Crops and Products; 1998;7:175–86.
Thomsen S, Handen HS, Nyman V. Ribosome inhibiting proteins from in vitro cultures of Phytolacea dodecandra. Planta Med 1991;57:232-6.
Chinoy JJ. Formation and utilization of ascorbic acid in the shoot apex of Wheat as factor of growth and development. Ind J Plant Physiol 1962;5:172-201.