FREE RADICAL LOAD IN LYMPHOID ORGANS (SPLEEN AND THYMUS) OF INDIAN GOAT CAPRA HIRCUS: ROLE OF SEX, SEASON AND MELATONIN
Keywords:
Free Radical Load, Goat, Melatonin, Sex, Season, Spleen, ThymusAbstract
Objective: Lymphoid organs (i.e. spleen and thymus) are important due to functional dynamicity. As a result, the generated free radicals may limit their function. Thus, present study was aimed to note seasonal and sex dependent variation in free radical status in Indian goat Capra hircus under the aegis of melatonin which is a well-known antioxidant.
Methods: Markers of oxidative stress (i.e. Super Oxide Dismutase; SOD, Catalase; CAT, Glutathione Peroxidases; GPx) were measured by standardized protocols. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) was measured by 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; ABTS) radical cation method and Lipid Per Oxidation (LPO) was measured by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) expression in lymphoid organs was noted by Western Blot analysis. The circulatory level of cortisol and melatonin were estimated by commercial ELISA kits.
Results: We noted significantly high levels of SOD, Catalase, GPx activities and ABTS level in lymphoid organs during monsoon and low during winter. Malonaldehyde; MDA a marker for lipid peroxidation was significantly high during summer and was significantly low during monsoon and winter. Cortisol level was significantly high during monsoon whereas melatonin level was significantly high during winter. GR expression was significantly high in males during monsoon and winter, but the level was significantly high only during monsoon in females.
Conclusion: All the results suggest that monsoon and winter are the seasons of stress and to buffer the elevated stress level, melatonin coupled both the roles of free radical scavenger (as a free molecule) and elevation of antioxidant enzymes.
Â
Downloads
References
Kaushalendra, Haldar C. Correlation between peripheral melatonin and general immune status of domestic goat, Capra hircus: A seasonal and sex dependent variation. Small Ruminant Res 2012;107:147-56.
Ghosh S, Singh AK, Haldar C. Adaptive and ecological significance of the seasonal changes in hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters in the tropical goat Capra hircus. J Endocrinol Reprod 2013;17:113-22.
Ghosh S, Singh AK, Haldar C. Seasonal modulation of immunity by melatonin and gonadal steroids in a short-day breeder goat Capra hircus. Theriogenol 2014;82:1121–30.
Kalyanaraman B, Sohnle PG. Generation of free radical intermediates from foreign compounds by Neutrophil-derived oxidants. J Clin Invest 1985;75:1618-22.
Mac Hugh DE, Bradley DG. Livestock genetic origins: goats buck the trend. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:5382-4.
Knight JA. Free radicals, antioxidants, and the immune system. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2000;30:145-58.
Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002;82:47–5.
Vishwas DK, Mukherjee A, Haldar C, Dash D, Nayak MK. Improvement of oxidative stress and immunity by melatonin: an age-dependent study in the golden hamster. Exp Gerontol 2013;48:168–82.
Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Qi WB, Karbownik M, Calvo JR. The significance of melatonin in antioxidative defense system: reactions and products. Biol Signals Recept 2000;9:137-59.
Toma´s-Zapico C, Coto-Montes A. A proposed mechanism to explain the stimulatory effect of melatonin on antioxidative enzymes. J Pineal Res 2005;39:99–04.
Gupta S, Haldar C. Physiological crosstalk between melatonin and glucocorticoid receptor modulates T-cell mediated immune responses in a wild tropical rodent, Funambulus pennant. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013;134:23–6.
Van Diepen HA. Preclinical pharmacological profile of nomegestrol acetate, a synthetic 19-nor-progesterone derivative. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012;10:1-12.
Veeraswamy S, Srivastava RS, Varshney VP. Pineal-adrenal relationship: modulating effects of glucocorticoids on pineal function to ameliorate thermal-stress in goats. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2008;21:988–94.
Fandos P, Orueta JF, Olanda A. Tooth wear and its relation to kind of food: the repercussion on age criteria in Capra pyrenaica. Acta Theriol 1993;38:93-2.
Chowdhury SA, Bhuiyan MSA, Faruk S. Rearing black Bengal goat under semi-intensive management 1. Physiological and reproductive performances. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2002;15:477-84.
Das K, Samanta L, Chainy GBN. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase using nitrite formation by superoxide radicals. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2000;37:201–4.
Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 1972;47:389–94.
Mantha SV, Prasad M, Kalra J, Prasad K. Antioxidant enzymes in hypercholesterolemia and effect of vitamin E in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1993;101:135–44.
Sharma S, Haldar C, Chaube SK. Effect of exogenous melatonin on X-ray induced cellular toxicity in lymphatic tissue of Indian tropical male squirrel, Funambulus pennant. Int J Radiat Biol 2008;84:363-74.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with thiobarbituric acid. J Lipid Res 1978;19:1053–7.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biol Med 1999;26:1231–37.
Ahmad R, Haldar C. Melatonin and androgen receptor expression interplay modulates cell-mediated immunity in tropical rodent Funambulus pennanti: an in-vivo and in-vitro study. Scand J Immunol 2010;71:420-30.
Bruning JL, Knitz BL. Computational handbook of statistics. 2nd Ed. Illinois (USA): Eds. Scott, F and Company; 1977.
Ozbek E. Induction of oxidative stress in the kidney. Int J Nephrol 2012;465897:1-9.
Muriel P. Role of free radicals in liver diseases. Hepatol Int 2009;3:526–36.
Poon BSHF, Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Allan Butterfield D. Free radicals and brain aging. Clin Geriatric Med 2004;20:329–59.
Ahmad R, Gupta S, Haldar C. Age-dependent expression of melatonin membrane receptor (MT1, MT2) and its role in the regulation of nitrosative stress in tropical rodent Funambulus pennant. Free Radical Res 2012;46:194-03.
Fantone JC, Ward PA. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated cell and tissue injury: oxygen metabolites and their relations to human disease. Hum Pathol 1985;16:973-8.
Reiter RJ. Melatonin: lowering the high price of free radicals. News Physiol Sci 2000;15:246-50.
Siu AW, Maldonado M, Sanchez-Hidalgo M, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Protective effects of melatonin in experimental free radical-related ocular diseases. J Pineal Res 2006;40:101–9.
Haldar C, Sharma S, Singh SS. Reproductive phase dependent circadian variations of plasma melatonin, testosterone, thyroxine and corticosterone in Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennant. Biol Rhythm Res 2006;37:1-10.
Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns'J CP. Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells: oxidizability is a function of cell lipid bis-allylic hydrogen content. Biochem 1994;33:4449-53.
Wong-ekkabut J, Xu Z, Triampo W, Tang I-M, Tieleman DP, Monticelli L. Effect of lipid peroxidation on the properties of lipid bilayers: a molecular dynamics study. Biophy J 2007;93:4225–36.