ANTIOXIDANT-VITAMIN C: LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG CANCER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13699Abstract
ABSTRACT
Non-enzymatic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays an important role in the medicinal field and acts as antioxidants use in fruits and vegetable such as
lemon, orange, grapes, carrots, tomatoes, grapefruit, beans, broccoli, and mangos. It helps to prevent and stop of various diseases such as lung cancer,
asthma, and wheezing and finding an antibronchospastic effect. Other factors such as diet have also been implicated in the development of lung
cancer. Despite the extensive research conducted in this area, the relationship between diet and lung cancer is still not clear. Diets high in fat and
low in vegetables and fruits may increase the risk of lung cancer and other fact eating of tobacco and smoking of cigarette. Lung tissue damage due
to high levels of free radicals in cigarette smoke causes direct (tissue oxidation) and indirect (release of oxidizing agents and enzymes). Vitamin C is
necessary for phagocytosis. It plays a significant role in daily life, dietary system like eating food, vegetable and smoking of cigarette. It helps to prevent
or stop the damage the lung tissue/or cause lung cancer. The present review studied that application of vitamin C act as antioxidant in lung cancer like
diseases such as lung-cancer and role in lung function.
Keywords: Review, Non-enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin C), Lung function, Lung diseases.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Li Y, Schellhorn HE. New developments and novel therapeutic
perspectives for vitamin C. J Nutr 2007;137(10):2171-84.
Mahdavi R, Faramarzi E, Seyedrezazadeh E, Mohammad-Zadeh M,
Pourmoghaddam M. Evaluation of oxidative stress, antioxidant status
and serum vitamin C levels in cancer patients. Biol Trace Elem Res
;130(1):1-6.
Pathak SK, Sharma RA, Steward WP, Mellon JK, Griffiths TR,
Gescher AJ. Oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase activity in prostate
carcinogenesis: Targets for chemopreventive strategies. Eur J Cancer
;41(1):61-70.
Schachter NE, Schlesinger A. The attenuation of exercise-induced
bronchospasm by ascorbic acid. Anna Allergy, 1982;49:146-51.
Dawson W, West GB. The influence of ascorbic acid on histamine
metabolism in guinea - Pigs. Br J Pharmacol Chemother
;24:725-34.
Guirgis HM. Anti - Anaphylactic effect of Vitamin c in the guinea - Pig.
J Pharm Pharmacol 1965;17:387.
Dawson W, Hemsworth BA, Stockham MA. Actions of sodium ascorbate
on smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1967;31(2):269-75.
Zuskin E, Lewis AJ, Bouhuys A. Inhibition of histamine-induced
airway constriction by ascorbic acid. J Allergy Clin Immunol
;51(4):218-26.
Kreisman H, Mitchell C, Bouhuys A. Inhibition of histamin-induced
airway constriction negative results with oxtriphylline and ascorbic
acid. Lung 1977;154:223-9.
Kordansky DW, Rosenthal RR, Norman PS. The effect of vitamin
C on antigen-induced bronchospasm. J Allergy Clin Immunol
;63(1):61-4.
(a) Anderson SD, Silverman M, König P, Godfrey S. Exerciseinduced
asthma. Br
J Dis Chest 1975;69(1):1-39. (b) National Public
Health
Institute.
Proceedings
of
the Nutrition
Society.
Vol.
Helsinki,
Finland: National
Public
Health Institute; 1999.
p.
-33.
(c)
Ziegler
RG,
Mayne ST,
Swanson CA. Nutrition and
lung
cancer.
Cancer
Causes Control 1996;7(1):157-77.
Luo J, Shen L, Zheng D. Association between vitamin C intake and
lung cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2014;4:6161.
Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med
;359(13):1367-80.
Wang J, Li C, Tao H, Cheng Y, Han L, Li X, et al. Statin use and risk of
lung cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized
controlled trials. PLoS One 2013;8:e77950.
Li H, Hao X, Zhang W, Wei Q, Chen K. The hOGG1 Ser326Cys
polymorphism and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:1739-45
Lu X, Ke J, Luo X, Zhu Y, Zou L, Li H, et al. The SNP rs402710
in 5p15.33 is associated with lung cancer risk: A replication study in
Chinese population and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e76252.
Kim CH, Lee YC, Hung RJ, McNallan SR, Cote ML, Lim WY,
et al. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by
histological type: A pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer
Consortium (ILCCO). Int J Cancer 2014;135(8):1918-30.
Druesne-Pecollo N, Keita Y, Touvier M, Chan DS, Norat T, Hercberg S,
et al. Alcohol drinking and second primary cancer risk in patients with
upper aerodigestive tract cancers: A systematic review and metaanalysis
of observational studies. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev
;23:324-31.
Norat T, Aune D, Chan D, Romaguera D. Fruits and vegetables:
Updating the epidemiologic evidence for the WCRF/AICR
lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention. Cancer Treat Res
;159:35-50.
Redaniel MT, Gardner MP, Martin RM, Jeffreys M. The association of
vitamin D supplementation with the risk of cancer in postmenopausal
women. Cancer Causes Control 2014;25:267-71.
Cheng TY, Lacroix AZ, Beresford SA, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD,
Zheng Y, et al. Vitamin D intake and lung cancer risk in the Women’s
Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:1002-11.
Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A, Barros-Dios JM. Diet and lung cancer:
A new approach. Eur J Cancer Prev 2000;9:395-400.
Eichholzer M, Stähelin HB, Gutzwiller F, Lüdin E, Bernasconi F.
Association of low plasma cholesterol with mortality for cancer at
various sites in men: 17-y follow-up of the prospective Basel study.
Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:569-74.
Chow CK. Cigarette smoking and oxidative damage in the lung. Ann
N Y Acad Sci 1993;686:289-98.
(a) Smit HA, Grievink L, Tabak C. Dietary influences on chronic
obstructive lung disease and asthma: A review of the epidemiological
evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58(2):309-19. (b) Tabak C, Smit HA,
Räsänen L, Fidanza F, Menotti A, Nissinen A, et al. Dietary factors
and pulmonary function: A cross sectional study in middle aged
men from three European countries. Thorax 1999;54:1021-6. (c)
Butland BK, Fehily AM, Elwood PC. Diet, lung function, and lung
function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men. Thorax
;55(2):102-8.
Miedema I, Feskens EJ, Heederik D, Kromhout D. Dietary
determinants of long-term incidence of chronic nonspecific lung
diseases. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:37-45.
(a) Kang JH, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM,
Grodstein F. Vitamin E, Vitamin C and β-carotene and cognitive
function among women with or at risk of cardiovascular disease:
The Women’s Antioxidant and Cardiovascular study. Circulation
;119(21):2772-80. (b) Kim DO, Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY.
Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic,
phytochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3713-7.
Carey IM, Strachan DP, Cook DG. Effects of changes in fresh fruit
consumption on ventilatory function in healthy British adults. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:728-33.
Sperling RI. Effects of dietary fish oil on leukocyte leukotriene and
PAF generation and on neutrophil chemotaxis. World Rev Nutr Diet
;66:391-400.
Smit HA, Grievink L, Tabak C. Dietary influences on chronic
obstructive lung disease and asthma: A review of the epidemiological
evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58(3):309-19.
(a) Cook DG, Carey IM, Whincup PH, Papacosta O, Chirico S,
Bruckdorfer KR, et al. Effect of fresh fruit consumption on lung
function and wheeze in children. Thorax 1997;52:628-33. (b) Fluge O,
Omenaas E, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Fish consumption and respiratory
symptoms among young adults in a Norwegian community. Eur
Respir J 1998;12:336-340.
(a) Varraso R, Barr RG, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Camargo CA Jr.
Fish intake and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2
large US cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101(1):354-61. (b) Smit HA,
Grievink L, Tabak C. Dietary influences on chronic obstructive lung
disease and asthma: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Proc
Nutr Soc 1999;58(2):309-19.
Romieu I, Trenga C. Diet and obstructive lung diseases. Epidemiol
Rev 2001;23(2):268-87.
(a) Sies H, editor. Oxidative stress, introduction. In: Oxidative Stress:
Oxidants and Antioxidants. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.;
p. 15-22. (b) Krishnaveni M. Antioxidant activity of selected
plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6(2):126-8.
McGowan SE, Hunninghake GW. Neutrophils and emphysema.
N Engl J Med 1989;321:968-70.
Sibille Y, Reynolds HY. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear
neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis
;141(2):471-501.
Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 1997;156:341-57.
Bast A, Haenen GR, Doelman CJ. Oxidants and antioxidants: State of
the art. Am J Med 1991;91(3C):2S-13.
Cantin A, Crystal RG. Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of
emphysema. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1985;139:7-17.
Burton GW, Ingold KU. Autooxidation of biological molecules. 1.
The antioxidant activity of Vitamin E and related chain - Breaking
phenolic antioxidants in vitro. J Am Chem Soc 1981;103:6472-7.
Hatch GE. Asthma, inhaled oxidants, and dietary antioxidants. Am J
Clin Nutr 1995;61 3 Suppl:625S-30.
Mc Cay PB. Vitamin E: Interactions with free radicals and ascorbate.
Annu Rev Nutr 1985;5:323-40.
Linder MC, editor. Nutrition and metabolism of trace elements. In:
Nutrition Biochemistry and Metabolism with Clinical Application.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 43-51
Farooqui et al.
Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1991. p. 213-76.
Barnes PJ. Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free
Radic Biol Med 1990;9(3):235-43.
Romieu I, Stampfer MJ, Stryker WS, Hernandez M, Kaplan L,
Sober A, et al. Food predictors of plasma beta-carotene and alphatocopherol:
Validation
of a food frequency questionnaire. Am
J
Epidemiol
;131(5):864-76.
National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances.
ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
Young IS, Woodside JV. Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin
th
Pathol 2001;54(3):176-86.
National Public Health Institute. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.
Helsinki, Finland: National Public Health Institute; 1999. p. 329-33.
(a) Kvale G, Bjelke E, Gart JJ. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Int J
Cancer 1983;31:397-405. (b) Kromhout D. Essential micronutrients
in relation to carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45 5 Suppl:1361-7.
(c) Knekt P, Järvinen R, Seppänen R, Rissanen A, Aromaa A,
Heinonen OP, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer.
Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:471-9. (d) Chow WH, Schuman LM,
McLaughlin JK, Bjelke E, Gridley G, Wacholder S, et al. A cohort
study of tobacco use, diet, occupation, and lung cancer mortality.
Cancer Causes Control 1992;3(5):247-54. (e) Shibata A, PaganiniHill
A,
Ross
RK,
Henderson
BE.
Intake of vegetables,
fruits, betacarotene,
vitamin
C
and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence
among
the elderly:
A
prospective study.
Br J Cancer 1992;66(3):673-9.
(f)
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Folsom AR.
Vegetables,
fruit, and lung
cancer
in
the Iowa Women’s
Health Study.
Cancer
Res 1993;53(3):53643.
(g) Elgadir
MA,
Salama M, Adam
A.
Anti
-
Breast
cancer from
various
natural sources
-
Review.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7(2):44-7.
(a) Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL,
Brasure J, et al. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk
in the New York State Cohort (United States) Cancer Causes Control
;8(3):828-40. (b) Ocké MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Feskens EJ,
van Staveren WA, Kromhout D. Repeated measurements of vegetables,
fruits, beta-carotene, and vitamins C and E in relation to lung cancer.
The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(6):358-65. (c) Yong LC,
Brown CC, Schatzkin A, Dresser CM, Slesinski MJ, Cox CS, et al.
Intake of vitamins E, C, and A and risk of lung cancer. The NHANES
I epidemiologic follow up study. First National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146(4):231-43.
Stahelin HB, Gey KF, Eichholzer M, Lüdin E, Bernasconi F,
Thurneysen J, et al. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and subsequent
cancer mortality in the 12-year follow-up of the prospective Basel
Study. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133(2):766-75.
Comstock GW, Alberg AJ, Huang HY, Wu K, Burke AE, Hoffman SC,
et al. The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants
in the blood: Ascorbic acid, carotenoids, a - Tocopherol, selenium,
and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:907-16.
Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration’s evidence-based review for qualified health claims:
tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:14.
(a) Savage L, Widener ZA. FDA finds no strong link between
tomatoes and reduced cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. Available
from: http://www.jncimedia@oxfordjournals.org.z 301-841-1287.
(b) Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. The U.S. food and drug
administration’s evidence-based review for qualified health claims:
Tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1074-85.
Kvale G, Bjelke E, Gart JJ. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Int J
Cancer 1983;31(4):397-405.
Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Bergkvist L, Berrino F, van
den Brandt PA, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal
cancer: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA
;294(22):2849-57.
Van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van ‘t Veer P, Volovics A,
Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. A large-scale prospective cohort study on diet
and cancer in the Netherlands. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43(3):285-95.
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Folsom AR. Vegetables, fruit and
lung cancer in the Iowa women’s health study. Cancer Res
;53(3):536-43.
Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA,
Folsom AR, et al. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: A pooled
analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(8):603-13.
Garcia-Closas R, Agudo A, Gonzalez CA, Riboli E. Intake of specific
carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer in women in
Barcelona, Spain. Nutr Cancer 1998;32(3):154-8.
Levy PS, Roth HD, Deubner DC. Exposure to beryllium and
occurrence of lung cancer: A reexamination of findings from a nested
case-control study. J Occup Environ Med 2007;49(1):96-101.
Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM,
Katsouyanni K, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer:
Combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst
;82(7):561-9.
(a) Forman MR, Yao SX, Graubard BI, Qiao YL, McAdams M,
Mao BL, et al. The effect of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables on
the odds ratio of lung cancer among Yunnan tin miners. Int J Epidemiol
;21(3):437-41. (b) Fraser GE, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Diet and
lung cancer in California seventh day adventists. Am J Epidemiol
;133(7):683-93.
Harris R, Whittemore AS, Itnyre J. Characteristics relating to
ovarian cancer risk: Collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control
Studies, III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white
women. Collaborative ovarian cancer group. Am J Epidemiol
;136(10):1204-11.
Vandenbroucke JP, Pearce N. Case-control studies: Basic concepts. Int
J Epidemiol 2012;41(5):1480-9.
Song JW, Chung KC. Observational studies: Cohort and case-control
studies, Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126(6):2234-42.
Forman D, Epidemiology and Health Services Research. Gastric
cancer and Helicobacter pylori: A combined analysis of 12 case control
studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001;49:347-353.
DOI:10.1136/gut.49.3.347.
Khoury MJ, Flanders WD. Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches
in the analysis of gene environment interaction: Case - Control studies
with no controls. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144(3):207-13.
Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II:
Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J
;20(1):54-60.
Greenland S. Model-based estimation of relative risks and other
epidemiologic measures in studies of common outcomes and in casecontrol
studies. Am
J Epidemiol 2004;160(4):301-5.
Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K,
et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: Combined analysis of
case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82(7):561-9.
Forman MR, Yao SX, Graubard BI, Qiao YL, McAdams M, Mao BL,
et al. The effect of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables on the
odds ratio of lung cancer among Yunnan tin miners. Int J Epidemiol
;21(3):437-41.
Marshall HM, Bowman RV, Yang IA, Fong KM, Berg CD. Screening
for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: A review of
current status. J Thorac Dis 2013;5 Suppl 5:S524-39.
(a) Kreuzer M, Krauss M, Kreienbrock L, Jöckel KH, Wichmann HE.
Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: A case-control
study in Germany. Am J Epidemiol 151(3):241-50. (b) Aldington S,
Harwood M, Cox B, Weatherall M, Beckert L, Hansell A, et al.
Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: A case-control study. Eur Respir
J 2008;31(2):280-6.
(a) Key TJ, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Allen NE, Spencer EA,
Travis RC. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer. Public
Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):187-200. (b)Tan HL, Thomas-Ahner JM,
Grainger EM, Wan L, Francis DM, Schwartz SJ, et al. Tomato-based
food products for prostate cancer prevention: What have we learned?
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010;29(3):553-68.
Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G, Tao XG, Chen L, Lam TK, et al.
Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: A systematic
review. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):372-83.
Yuan JM, Ross RK, Chu XD, Gao YT, Yu MC. Prediagnostic levels
of serum beta-cryptoxanthin and retinol predict smoking-related lung
cancer risk in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
;10(7):767-73.
Mayne ST, Janerich DT, Greenwald P, Chorost S, Tucci C, Zaman MB,
et al. Dietary beta carotene and lung cancer risk in U.S. nonsmokers.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86(1):33-8.
Brennan P, Fortes C, Butler J, Agudo A, Benhamou S, Darby S, et al.
A multicenter case-control study of diet and lung cancer among nonsmokers.
Cancer Causes Control 2000;11(1):49-58.
Mathew A, Gangadharan P, Varghese C, Nair MK. Diet and stomach
cancer: A case-control study in South India. Eur J Cancer Prev
;9(2):89-97.
Montesano R, Hall J. Environmental causes of human cancers. Eur J
Cancer 2001;37 Suppl 8:S67-87.
Doll R. Uncovering the effects of smoking: Historical perspective.
Stat Methods Med Res 1998;7(2):87-117.
Jo YH, Talmage DA, Role LW. Nicotinic receptor-mediated effects on
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 43-51
Farooqui et al.
appetite and food intake. J Neurobiol 2002;53(4):618-32.
Richard H, Andrea V, Sarah L, John B. Lung cancer and cryptogenic
fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Critic Care Med 2000;161(1):5-8.
Lippi G, Targher G. Tomatoes, lycopene-containing foods and cancer
risk. J Cancer 2011;104(7):1234-5.
Kirsh VA, Mayne ST, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Leitzmann MF,
Dixon LB, et al. A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product
intake and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
;15(1):92-8.
(a) Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. The U.S. Food
and drug administration’s evidence-based review for qualified
health claims: Tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst
;99(14):1074-1085. (b) Mills PK, Beeson L, Abbey DE, Fraser GE,
Phillips RL. Dietary habits and past medical history as related to fatal
pancreas cancer risk among Adventists. Cancer 1988;61(12):2578-85.
Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL. Fruit and vegetable intakes and
prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92(1):61-8.
Deneo-Pellegrini H, De Stefani E, Ronco A, Mendilaharsu M. Foods,
nutrients and prostate cancer: A case - control study in Uruguay. Br J
Cancer 1999;80(3-4):591-7.
La Vecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Russo A, Conti E, et al.
Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J
Cancer 1997;73(4):525-30.
Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, Wuu J, Trichopoulos D,
Trichopoulou A. Diet and cancer of the prostate: A case-control study
in Greece. Int J Cancer 1999;80(5):704-8.
Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA,
Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of
prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87(23):1767-76.
La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S. A casecontrol
study
of diet
and gastric
cancer
in
northern Italy.
Int J
Cancer
;40(4):484-9.
Ellinger S, Ellinger J, Stehle P. Tomatoes, tomato products and
lycopene in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer: Do we
have the evidence from intervention studies? Curr Opin Clin Nutr
Metab Care 2006;9(6):722-7.
Seow A, Quah SR, Nyam D, Straughan PT, Chua T, Aw TC. Food
groups and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in an Asian population.
Cancer 2002;95(11):2390-6.
Hwang ES, Bowen PE. Can the consumption of tomatoes or lycopene
reduce cancer risk? Integr Cancer Ther 2002;1(2):121-32.
Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and
cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst
;91(4):317-31.
Franceschi S, Bidoli E, La Vecchia C, Talamini R, D’Avanzo B,
Negri E. Tomatoes and risk of digestive-tract cancers. Int J Cancer
;59(2):181-4.
Levi F, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Dietary factors and the
risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 1993;71(11):3575-81.
Ramón JM, Serra L, Cerdó C, Oromà J. Dietary factors and gastric
cancer risk. A case-control study in Spain. Cancer 1993;71(4):1731-5.
Giovannucci E. A review of epidemiologic studies of tomatoes,
lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
;227(10):852-9.
Hu JF, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ. Diet and cancer
of the colon and rectum: A case-control study in China. Int J Epidemiol
;20(2):362-7.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.
A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer
risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(5):391-8.
Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M. Colorectal cancer and the
consumption of foods: A case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer
;11(3):189-204.
Tajima K, Tominaga S. Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: A
comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers
in Nagoya, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1985;76(8):705-16.
Holick CN1, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Mayne ST,
Pietinen P, Taylor PR, et al. Dietary carotenoids, serum β-carotene,
and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, betacarotene
cohort study.
Am
J Epidemiol 2002;156(6):536-47.
Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, Lee RK. Stomach cancer among
Japanese in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972;49:969-88.
Marti R, Roselló S, Cebolla-Cornejo J. Tomato as a source of
carotenoids and polyphenols targeted to cancer prevention. Cancers
(Basel) 2016;8(6):pii: E58.
Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of
tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst
;94(5):112.
Lazarenko LM, Nikitina OE, Nikitin EV, Demchenko OM,
Kovtonyuk GV, Ganova LO, et al. Development of biomarker panel
to predict, prevent and create treatments tailored to the persons with
human papillomavirus - Induced cervical precancerous lesions.
EPMA J 2014;5(1):1.
Bowen P, Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R,
Ghosh L, et al. Tomato sauce supplementation and prostate
cancer: Lycopene accumulation and modulation of biomarkers of
carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002;227(10):886-93.
Cade J, Thompson R, Burley V, Warm D. Development, validation and
utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires - A review. Public Health
Nutr 2002;5:567-87.
Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Hurwitz P,
McNutt S, et al. Comparative validation of the Block, Willett, and
National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaires: The Eating
at America’s Table Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154(12):1089-99.
Anand P, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB,
Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that
requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 2008;25(9):2097-116.
Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L. Lycopene/tomato consumption and the
risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of
prospective studies, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013;59(3):213-23.
Miller EC, Giovannucci E, Erdman JW Jr, Bahnson R, Schwartz SJ,
Clinton SK. Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk, Urol
Clin North Am 2002;29(1):83-93.
Graff RE, Pettersson A, Lis RT, Ahearn TU, Markt SC, Wilson KM,
et al. Dietary lycopene intake and risk of prostate cancer defined by
ERG protein expression. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103(3):851-60.
Luukkainen P, Aejmelaeus R, Alho H, Metsä-Ketelä T, Ikonen SR,
Salo MK. Plasma chain-breaking antioxidants in preterm
infants with good and poor short-term outcome. Free Radic Res
;30(3):189-97.
Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen
peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y Acad Sci
;686:12-27.
Pryor WA. Cigarette smoke and the involvement of free radical
reactions in chemical carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer Suppl 1987;8:19-23.
Pryor WA. Cancer and free radicals. In: Shankel DM, editor.
Antimutagenesisand Anticarcinogenesis: Mechanisms. New York:
Plenum Press; 1986. p. 45-59.
Frei B, Forte TM, Ames BN, Cross CE. Gas phase oxidants of cigarette
smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties
in human blood plasma. Protective effects of ascorbic acid. Biochem J
;277:133-8.
Diplock AT, Charleux JL, Crozier-Willi G, Kok FJ, Rice-Evans C,
Roberfroid M, et al. Functional food science and defence against
reactive oxidative species. Br J Nutr 1998;80 Suppl 1:S77-112.
Eiserich JP, van der Vliet A, Handelman GJ, Halliwell B,
Cross CE. Dietary antioxidants and cigarette smoke-induced
biomolecular damage: A complex interaction. Am J Clin Nutr
;62 6 Suppl:1490S-500.
Mezzetti A, Lapenna D, Pierdomenico SD, Calafiore AM, Costantini F,
Riario-Sforza G, et al. Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation in plasma
and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis
;112(1):91-9.
Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on
vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health 1989;79(2):158-62.
Marangon K, Herbeth B, Lecomte E, Paul-Dauphin A, Grolier P,
Chancerelle Y, et al. Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in
French men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67(2):231-9.
Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA,
Ames BN. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate
supplementation: A study in male smokers and nonsmokers with
matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:530-6.
Ross MA, Crosley LK, Brown KM, Duthie SJ, Collins AC, Arthur JR,
et al. Plasma concentrations of carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in
Scottish males: Influences of smoking. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:861-5.
Norkus EP, Hsu H, Cehelsky MR. Effect of cigarette smoking on the
Vitamin C status of pregnant women and their offspring. Ann N Y
Acad Sci 1987;498:500-1.
Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Stampfer MJ, Sober A, Willett WC.
The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to
plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol
;127(2):283-96.
Valkonen M, Kuusi T. Passive smoking induces atherogenic changes
in low-density lipoprotein. Circulation 1998;97(1):2012-6.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 43-51
Farooqui et al.
Tribble DL, Giuliano LJ, Fortmann SP. Reduced plasma ascorbic acid
concentrations in nonsmokers regularly exposed to environmental
tobacco smoke. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58(6):886-90.
Alberg AJ, Chen JC, Zhao H, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW,
Helzlsouer KJ. Household exposure to passive cigarette smoking
and serum micronutrient concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr
;72(6):1576-82.
Farchi S, Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Baldacci S, Simoni M, Perucci CA,
et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with
lower plasma beta-carotene levels among nonsmoking women married
to a smoker. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10(8):907-9.
Ayaori M, Hisada T, Suzukawa M, Yoshida H, Nishiwaki M, Ito T,
et al. Plasma levels and redox status of ascorbic acid and levels of lipid
peroxidation products in active and passive smokers. Environ Health
Perspect 2000;108(2):105-8.
Dallongeville J, Marécaux N, Fruchart JC, Amouyel P. Cigarette
smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: A
meta-analysis. J Nutr 1998;128(2):1450-7.
Wei W, Kim Y, Boudreau N. Association of smoking with serum and
dietary levels of antioxidants in adults: NHANES III, 1988-1994. Am
J Public Health 2001;91(2):258-64.
Ma J, Hampl JS, Betts NM. Antioxidant intakes and smoking status:
Data from the continuing survey of food intakes by individuals 19941996.
Am
J Clin Nutr 2000;71(3):774-80.
Phillips EL, Arnett DK, Himes JH, McGovern PG, Blackburn H,
Luepker RV. Differences and trends in antioxidant dietary intake in
smokers and non-smokers, 1980-1992: The Minnesota Heart Survey.
Ann Epidemiol 2000;10(7):417-23.
Järvinen R, Knekt P, Seppänen R, Reunanen A, Heliövaara M,
Maatela J, et al. Antioxidant vitamins in the diet: Relationships with
other personal characteristics in Finland. J Epidemiol Community
Health 1994;48(6):549-54.
Slesinski MJ, Subar AF, Kahle LL. Trends in use of vitamin and
mineral supplements in the United State: The 1987 and 1992 National
Health Interview Surveys. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95(8):921-3.
Block G, Cox C, Madans J, Schreiber GB, Licitra L, Melia N. Vitamin
supplement use, by demographic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol
;127(2):297-309.
Zondervan KT, Ocké MC, Smit HA, Seidell JC. Do dietary and
supplementary intakes of antioxidants differ with smoking status? Int
J Epidemiol 1996;25(1):70-9.
Osler M. The food intake of smokers and nonsmokers: The role of
partner’s smoking behavior. Prev Med 1998;27(1):438-43.
Greco AM, Gentile M, Di Filippo O, Coppola A. Study of blood
vitamin C in lung and bladder cancer patients before and after
treatment with ascorbic acid. A preliminary report. Acta Vitaminol
Enzymol 1982;4(1-2):155-62.
Anthony HM, Schorah CJ. Severe hypovitaminosis C in lungcancer
patients:
The
utilization of
vitamin
C in surgical
repair
and
lymphocyte-related
host resistance. Br J Cancer 1982;46(3):354-67.
Basu TS, Schorah CJ. Vitamin C in Health A Disease. London: Croom
Helm; 1982. p. 32, 15, 66-82.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.