PREVALENCE OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT STRAINS ON TOUCH SCREEN OF AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE
Abstract
Multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have spread globally even on non-porous surfaces such as mobile phones, computers, public telephone booths,
keypads and touch screens of automatic teller machine (ATM). In this study, occurrence of different groups of MDR bacteria from metallic keypad and
touch screens of ATM machine was examined. The samples were collected from different ATMs located in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Swabs were taken from
47 ATMs and 488 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (49%), Klebsiella sp., (30%), Pseudomonas sp., (16%), Acinetobacter sp., (3%) and Proteus
sp., (1%) and they were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing with ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizidime and meropenem of which 46
isolates showed high level of resistance toward cefotaxime, and meropenem by plate assay. Further polymerase chain reaction amplification of NDM-1
and CTX-M genes for all 46 isolates showed no amplified product, which showed the possibility for the presence of other types of extended spectrum
β-lactamases or metallo beta-lactamase. Our results showed the prevalence of MDR bacteria in ATM centers and most importantly awareness toward
the public regarding the spread of pathogenic bacteria in the environment.
Keywords: Multiple drug resistance, Automatic teller machine centers, Public health, Antibiotic susceptibility pattern, Resistance gene.
Downloads
References
Cohen ML. Changing patterns of infectious disease. Nat 2000; 406: 762-767.
Avila M, Najwane, David M. Ojcius. The book reopened on infectious diseases. Microbe infect 2008; 10: 942-947.
Nester EW, Evans CR, Nancy P, Denise GA, Martha TT. The Genus: Staphylococcus In: Nester EW ed. Microbiology – a Human Perspective 2nd McGrew Hill, New York, 2004.p.693-695.
White LF, Dancer SJ, Robertson C. Microbiological Evaluation of Hospital Cleaning Methods. Int J Environ Health Res 2007; 17(4): 285 – 295.
Jerkovic-Mujkic A, Renata Besta and Sabina Memisevic. Bacterial contamination of public telephones in the downtown area of Sarajevo. Afr J Microbial res 2013; 7(17): 1664-1667.
Levy SB. The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance. Scientific American 1998; 43-56.
Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms In Healthcare Settings. Jane D. Siegel, MD; Emily Rhinehart, RN MPH CIC; Marguerite Jackson PhD; Linda Chiarello, RN MS; the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee 2006.
Shah NS, Wright A, Bai GH, Barrera L, Boulahbal F, Martin-Casabona N, et al. Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg. Infect. Dis 2007; 13: 380–387.
Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, Ziazarifi AH, et al. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran. Chest 2009; 136: 420–425.
Kapdi M, Hoskote S, Joshi SR. Health hazards of mobile phones: an Indian perspective. JAPI 2008; 56:893-897.
Huber JS, Pelon W. Low cost screening for microbial contamination in aerosols generated in a dental office. Gen Dent 2005; 53: 270-271.
Nworie O, Mercy M, Chukwudi A, Oko I, Chukwudum SO, Agah VM et al. Antibiogram of Bacteria isolated from Automated Teller Machines within Abakaliki Metropolis. Am Journal Infect Dis 2012; 8(4): 168-174.
Tekerkekoglu MS, Yakupogullari Y, Barisotlu, Daumen Y. Bacteria found on bank’s automated teller machines (ATMs). Afri J Microbiol Res 2013; 7(16): 1619-1621.
Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, McDougal LK, Chaitram J, McAllister S et al. Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents chemother 2004; 48(1): 275-280
Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, and Struhl K. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 2.0.1-2.14.8, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994.
Ramesh, N, Drishya Nair V, Karthiayani H, Prasanth M, Shanthini T, Gothandam KM et al. Prevalence of blaNDM-1 among Gram negative bacteria from clinical samples of Tamil Nadu. Int J Medicobiol res 2014; 1(7): 389- 393.
Woodford N, Fagan EJ and Ellington MJ. Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 154–155.
Abban S, Debrah KT. Automatic teller machines (ATMs) as potential sources of food-borne pathogens- a case study from Ghana. Nat Sci 2011; 9(9): 63-67.
Onuoha SC, Fatokun K. Bacterial contamination and public health risk associated with the use of bank’s automated teller machines (ATMs) in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Am J Public Health 2014; 2(2): 46-50.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.