QUALITATIVE PHTOCHEMISTRY PROFILE OF WATERMELON (CITRULLUS VULGARIS SCHRAD) RIND EXTRACTS WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. is known to contain bioactive compounds such as cucurbitacin, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids, vitamins,
minerals and has also proved to contain antioxidant and therapeutic properties.
Objectives: The study focus to elucidate on the percentage of extractive yield and to screen the watermelon rind extracts using various solvents and
hot aqueous extract for its phytochemical profile.
Methods: The solvents used were methanol, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone and hot aqueous extracts. The rind samples
were shade dried and powdered. It was then subjected to soxhlet extraction using the different solvents and pressurized hot water extraction. The
obtained extracts were concentrated and screened for preliminary phytoconstituents using standard laboratory protocols.
Results: The rind extracts with different solvents and pressurized hot water extract showed different yield percentages and on analysis, hot aqueous
extract was found to have the highest extractive yield. The preliminary screening of the rind extracts with different solvents and pressurized hot water
extract were tabulated and showed the presence and/or absence of various bioactive constituents including the primary and secondary metabolites.
Conclusion: Thus, the phytochemical constituents such as the primary metabolites and the secondary metabolites and various other bioactive
elements that are identifies are thought to be responsible for its antioxidant and therapeutic properties.
Keywords: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Metabolites, Phytoconstituents, Soxhlet extraction, Yield percentage, Watermelon rind.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Anonymous. Census of India, Primary Census Abstract, Government of India; 1991.
Karthikeyan A, Shanthi V, Nagasathaya A. Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of crude extract of the leaf of Adhatoda Vasica L. Int J Green Pharm 2009;3(1):78-80.
Augusti KT. Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian J Exp Biol 1996;34(7):634-40.
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006;6:35.
Okwu DE, Josiah C. Evaluation of the chemical composition of two Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2006;5(4):357-61.
Hill AF. Economic Botany. A Textbook of Useful Plants and Plant Products. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.; 1952.
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2005;4(7):685-8.
Pons L. Exploring Important Medicinal Uses for Watermelon Rinds. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2003/030221.html. 2003. [Last accessed on 2014 May 14].
Rimando AM, Perkins-Veazie PM. Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind. J Chromatogr A 2005;1078(1-2):196-200.
Erukainure OL, Oke OV, Daramola AO, Adenekan SO, Umanhonlen EE. Improvement of the biochemical properties of watermelon rinds subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation. Pak J Nutr 2010;9(8):806-9.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.; 1973. p. 49-188.
Kokate CK. Practical Pharmacognosy. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2000. p. 218.
Gibbs RD. Chemotaxonomy of Flowering Plants. Vol. 1. Montreal and London: McGill Queen’s University Press; 1974.
Ayoola GA, Coker HA, Adesegun SA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Obaweya K,
Table 1: Phytochemical screening of watermelon (C. vulgaris Schrad.) rind extracts
S. no
Parameters
Test
Methanol extract
Ethanol extract
Chloroform extract
Petroleum ether extract
Ethyl acetate extract
Acetone extract
Hot aqueous extract
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s test
+++
++
+
+
++
+
+++
Molisch’s test
++
+
−
++
+
++
++
Protein and amino acids
Biuret
++
+
−
+
−
++
+++
Ninhydrin
+++
++
−
−
−
+
+++
Xanthoproteic test
++
++
−
−
+
+
++
Fatty acids
Spot test
+++
++
++
−
++
+
+
Fixed oils
Spot test
+++
++
++
−
++
+
+
Volatile oils
Smell test
++
+++
+++
++
+
+
−
Sterols
Salkowski test
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
++
++
Steroids
Liebermann‑Burchard test
−
−
++
++
+
+
+
Alkaloids
Meyer’s test
++
++
−
+
++
++
++
Hager’s test
++
++
++
++
+
+
++
Flavonoids
Lead acetate test
++
++
+
−
+
+
+++
Shinoda test
+++
+
+
+
+
++
++
Saponins
Foam test
+
+
−
−
+
−
++
Froth test
++
++
+
+
++
++
++
Tannins
Lead acetate test
++
++
+
−
+
+
+++
Gelatin test
+
++
−
−
+
−
+++
Phenols
Lead acetate test
++
++
+
−
+
+
+++
Ferric chloride test
+++
++
++
++
+
++
+++
Anthraquinone
Borntrager’s test
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Hydrochloric acid test
+
−
−
−
−
+
++
Acids
Sodium bicarbonate test
+
+
−
−
+
−
++
Thiols
Sodium nitroprusside test
+
−
+
+
++
+
+
Terpenoids
Salkowski test
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
++
++
Triterpenoids
Libermann‑Burchard test
−
−
++
++
+
+
+
Coumarins
Sodium hydroxide test
++
++
−
−
++
+++
++
Resins
Turbidity test
−
+
−
−
−
+
+++
Quinones
Sulfuric acid test
+++
+++
−
+
++
++
+++
Oxalate
Acetic acid test
−
+++
−
+++
+++
+
Anthocyanin
Hydrochloric acid test
+
−
−
−
+
+
Anthrax resinoids
Borntrager’s test
++
+
−
−
+++
++
Emodins
Ammonium hydroxide test
++
−
−
−
−
++
Chalcones
Ammonium hydroxide test
++
−
−
−
−
++
Anthocyanoside
Sodium hydroxide test
++
++
−
++
+++
+
Phlobatannins
Ammonia test
+
−
−
−
+
+
Hydrochloric acid test
++
−
−
−
−
++
Gum and mucilages
Swelling test
+
++
+
++
+
+++
Glycosides
Modified borntrager’s test
++
++
−
++
+++
++
Cardiac glycosides
Keller Killiani test
++
++
−
++
+++
++
Legal’s test
+
−
+
++
+
+
+: Trace, ++: Plenty, +++: Abundance, −: Absence, C. vulgaris: Citrullus vulgaris
Table 2: Extractive yield percentage of C. vulgaris Schrad. rind extracts
S. no
Extracts
Yield percentage (w/w)
Methanol extract
5
Ethanol extract
5
Chloroform extract
9
Petroleum ether extract
1
Ethyl acetate extract
9
Acetone extract
1
Hot aqueous extract
8
C. vulgaris: Citrullus vulgaris
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 8, Issue 4, 2015, 62-65
Hannah and Krishnakumari
Ezennia EC, et al. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in South Western Nigeria. Trop J Pharm Res 2008;7:1019-24.
Treare GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. 7th ed. London: Bahive Tinal; 1985. p. 149.
Kumar AR. Ilavarasn T, Jayachandran M, Decaraman P, Aravindhan N, Padmanaban N, Krishnan MR. Phytochemical investigation on a tropical plant. Pak J Nutr 2009;8:83-5.
Rizk AM. Constituents of plants growing in Qatar. Fitoterapia 1982;52:35-42.
Liu AL, Shu SH, Qin HL, Lee SM, Wang YT, Du GH. In vitro anti-influenza viral activities of constituents from Caesalpinia sappan. Planta Med 2009;75(4):337-9.
Tseng A. Chemoprevention of tumors in MTV-H ras transgenic mice with coumarins. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1991;32:2257.
Shi J, Arunasalam K, Yeung D, Kakuda Y, Mittal G, Jiang Y. Saponins from edible legumes: Chemistry, processing, and health benefits. J Med Food 2004;7(1):67-78.
Al Ashaal HA, Farghaly AA, Abd El Aziz MM, Ali MA. Phytochemical investigation and medicinal evaluation of fixed oil of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (Balantiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2010;127(2):495‑501.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.