CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS OF MANNITOL: AN UPDATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2021v13i5.42068Keywords:
Analytical methods, Mechanism of action of mannitol, Mannitol, Biosynthesis, PolymorphismAbstract
Mannitol is an organic compound, a widely distributed natural sugar alcohol in nature. It is found in various plant species and produced by many microorganisms. Mannitol is about 50% as sweet as sucrose, has a low glycaemic index and inert nature, making it suitable to be used in many food products. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic administering through the iv route and having many clinical usages and is one of the well-known excipients in many different types of formulations. This is also used to increase the dissolution of drugs having solubility problems. Mannitol can be used as a drug and excipient. The goal of this work was to summarize the important physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, production, applications, incompatibilities, polymorphism, and particularly the analytical methodologies published in the last five decades for quantification. Relevant articles related to analytical methods were identified through a search of the English-language literature indexed in Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and google scholar from 1970 to till date. The search terms were benign estimation of mannitol, determination of mannitol, methods for determination of mannitol, HPLC and Spectrophotometry method for estimation of mannitol. The methods described in USP, IP, and BP are also described. The presented review also outlines the further scope of research in the field of development of analytical methods.
Downloads
References
Mannitol. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ compound/Mannitol. [Last accessed on 10 Apr 2021]
Martau GA, Coman V, Vodnar DC. Recent advances in the biotechnological production of erythritol and mannitol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020;40:608-22.
Jivraj II, Martini LG, Thomson CM. An overview of the different excipients useful for the direct compression of tablets. Pharm Sci Technol Today 2000;3:58-63.
The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 14th Ed. Edited by Maryadele J. O’Neil, Patricia E Heckelman, Cherie B Koch, Kristin J Roman. Merck J Am Chem Soc 2007;129:2197.
Rajagopalan V, Gupta N. Osmotherapy. In pharmacology in clinical neurosciences; Springer Singapore: Singapore; 2020. p. 257–64.
Peng Y, Liu X, Wang A, Han R. The effect of mannitol on intraoperative brain relaxation in patients undergoing supratentorial tumor surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:165.
Montazeri K, Soltani H, Varposhti MR, Mohajeri L. Comparison of preoperative infusion of magnesium sulfate and mannitol on intraocular pressure changes in patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery. Adv Biomed Res 2018;7:39.
Nissenson AR, Weston RE, Kleeman CR. Mannitol. West J Med 1979;131:277–84.
He Q, Liu J, Liang J, Liu X, Li W, Liu Z, et al. Towards improvements for penetrating the blood-brain barrier-recent progress from a material and pharmaceutical perspective. Cells 2018;7:24.
Bellavance MA, Blanchette M, Fortin D. Recent advances in blood-brain barrier disruption as a CNS delivery strategy. AAPS J 2008;10:166-77.
Herraiz Hidalgo L, Alvarez Moreno E, Carrascoso Arranz J, Cano Alonso R, Martinez de Vega Fernandez V. Magnetic resonance enterography: review of the technique for the study of crohn’s disease. Radiologia 2011;53:421-33.
Bilton D, Robinson P, Cooper P, Gallagher CG, Kolbe J, Fox H, et al. CF301 study investigators. Inhaled dry powder mannitol in cystic fibrosis: an efficacy and safety study. Eur Respir J 2011;38:1071-80.
Hurt K, Bilton D. Inhaled mannitol for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012;6:19-26.
Ruiz Rodriguez LG, Aller K, Bru E, De Vuyst L, Hebert EM, Mozzi F. Enhanced mannitol biosynthesis by the fruit origin strain Fructobacillus tropaeoli CRL 2034. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017;101:6165-77.
Mannitol Market Projected To Be Worth $418.3 Million By 2024. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-mannitol-market. [Last accessed on 10 Apr 2021]
Persaud N, Jiang M, Shaikh R, Bali A, Oronsaye E, Woods H, et al. Comparison of essential medicines lists in 137 countries. Bull World Health Organ 2019;97:394-404C.
Walsh J, Cram A, Woertz K, Breitkreutz J, Winzenburg G, Turner R, et al. European formulation initiative. Playing hide and seek with poorly tasting paediatric medicines: do not forget the excipients. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2014;73:14-33.
Grembecka M. Sugar alcohols-their role in the modern world of sweeteners: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2015;241:1–14.
Daraghmeh N, Rashid I, Al Omari MM, Leharne SA, Chowdhry BZ, Badwan A. Preparation and characterization of a novel co-processed excipient of chitin and crystalline mannitol. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010;11:1558-71.
Al-Khattawi A, Koner J, Rue P, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Rajabi Siahboomi A, et al. A pragmatic approach for engineering porous mannitol and mechanistic evaluation of particle performance. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015;94:1-10.
Crain SM, Peterson ER. Selective innervation of target regions within fetal mouse spinal cord and medulla explants by isolated dorsal root ganglia in organotypic co-cultures. Brain Res 1981;254:341-62.
Ohrem HL, Schornick E, Kalivoda A, Ognibene R. Why is mannitol becoming more and more popular as a pharmaceutical excipient in solid dosage forms? Pharm Dev Technol 2014;19:257-62.
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 7th Edition. Pharm Dev Technol; 2013. p. 544.
Birinyi Strachan LC, Davies MJ, Lewis RJ, Nicholson GM. Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar D-mannitol to prevent pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: a comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers. Neuropharmacology 2005;49:669-86.
Bernstein LM, Ivy AC. Inositol and mannitol hexanitrates in hypertension management. Circulation 1955;12:353-60.
Shawkat H, Westwood MM, Mortimer A. Mannitol: a review of its clinical uses. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2012;12:82–5.
Kavanagh O, Hogan F, Murphy C, Croker D, Walker G. Formulating a stable mannitol infusion while maintaining hyperosmolarity. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:187.
Perry RH, Green DW, Maloney JO. Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1997.
Godswill AC. Sugar alcohols: chemistry, production, health concerns and nutritional importance of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and erythritol. Int J Adv Acad Res Sci Technol Eng 2017;3:31–66.
Deis RC, Kearsley MW. Sorbitol and mannitol. In: Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology, Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford UK; 2012. p. 331–46.
Kumar MV. Formulation and evaluation of meclizine HCl orally dispersible tablets by using natural super disintegrants. Int J Pharma Sci Res 2016;2:53–80.
BeMiller JN. Carbohydrates. In: Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology; John Wiley and Sons, Inc: Hoboken NJ, USA; 2004.
Bolhuis GK, Rexwinkel EG, Zuurman K. Polyols as filler-binders for disintegrating tablets prepared by direct compaction. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009;35:671-7.
Tavakkoli F. Review of the role of mannitol in the therapy of children. 18th Expert Comm Sel Use Essent Med; 2011. p. 1–43.
Winkler SR, Munoz Ruiz L. Mechanism of action of mannitol. Surg Neurol 1995;43:59.
Oreskovic D, Marakovic J, Varda R, Rados M, Jurjevic I, Klarica M. New insight into the mechanism of mannitol effects on cerebrospinal fluid pressure decrease and craniospinal fluid redistribution. Neuroscience 2018;392:164-71.
Tenny S, Patel R, Thorell W. Mannitol. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470392/. [Last accessed on 24 Nov 2020]
Mannitol. In Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs; Elsevier; 2016. p. 744–51.
Nguyen T, Veltchev K, Nguyen TV. Mannitol role in the management of intradialytic hypotension. Am J Ther 2020;27:e450-54.
Mc Causland FR, Claggett B, Sabbisetti VS, Jarolim P, Waikar SS. Hypertonic mannitol for the prevention of intradialytic hypotension: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;74:483-90.
Ghoreishi SM, Sharifi S. Modeling of supercritical extraction of mannitol from plane tree leaf. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001;24:1037-48.
Ghoreishi SM, Shahrestani RG. Subcritical water extraction of mannitol from olive leaves. J Food Eng 2009;93:474–81.
Soetaert W, Vanhooren PT, VEJ. The production of mannitol by fermentation. In: Bucke C. (Eds) Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols. Methods in BiotechnologyTM: Humana Press; 1999.
Von Weymarn N, Hujanen M, Leisola M. Production of D-mannitol by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Process Biochem 2002;37:1207–13.
Zhang M, Gu L, Cheng C, Ma J, Xin F, Liu J, et al. Recent advances in microbial production of mannitol: utilization of low-cost substrates, strain development, and regulation strategies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018;34:41.
Kulbe KD, Schwab U, Gudernatsch W. Enzyme-catalyzed production of mannitol and gluconic acid. Product recovery by various procedures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;506:552-68.
Wichmann R, Wandrey C, Buckmann AF, Kula MR. Continuous enzymatic transformation in an enzyme membrane reactor with simultaneous NAD(H) regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000;67:791–804.
Park YC, Oh EJ, Jo JH, Jin YS, Seo JH. Recent advances in biological production of sugar alcohols. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016;37:105-13.
Saha BC, Nakamura LK. Production of mannitol and lactic acid by fermentation with Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003;82:864-71.
Smiley KL, Cadmus MC, Liepins P. Biosynthesis of D-mannitol from D-glucose by Aspergillus Candidus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1967;9:365–74.
Saha BC, Nakamura LK. Production of mannitol and lactic acid by fermentation with Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003;82:864-71.
Hendriksen HV, Mathiasen TE, Adler Nissen J, Frisvad JC, Emborg C. Production of mannitol by penicillium strains. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2007;43:223–8.
Meng Q, Zhang T, Wei W, Mu W, Miao M. Production of mannitol from a high concentration of glucose by Candida parapsilosis SK26.001. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017;181:391-406.
Qin J, Zhou YJ, Krivoruchko A, Huang M, Liu L, Khoomrung S, et al. Modular pathway rewiring of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae enables high-level production of l-ornithine. Nat Commun 2015;6:8224.
Wisselink H, Weusthuis R, Eggink G, Hugenholtz J, Grobben G. Mannitol production by lactic acid bacteria: a review. Int Dairy J 2002;12:151–61.
Gaspar P, Neves AR, Ramos A, Gasson MJ, Shearman CA, Santos H. Engineering lactococcus lactis for production of mannitol: high yields from food-grade strains deficient in lactate dehydrogenase and the mannitol transport system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:1466-74.
Helanto M, Aarnikunnas J, von Weymarn N, Airaksinen U, Palva A, Leisola M. Improved mannitol production by a random mutant of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. J Biotechnol 2005;116:283-94.
Costenoble R, Adler L, Niklasson C, Liden G. Engineering of the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for anaerobic production of mannitol. FEMS Yeast Res 2003;3:17-25.
Kaup B, Bringer Meyer S, Sahm H. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: construction of an efficient biocatalyst for D-mannitol formation in a whole-cell biotransformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004;64:333-9.
Kaup B, Bringer Meyer S, Sahm HD. Mannitol formation from D:-glucose in a whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005;69:397-403.
Schafer A, Stein MA, Schneider KH, Giffhorn F. Mannitol dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides Si4:subcloning, overexpression in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997;48:47-52.
Cassanelli M, Norton I, Mills T. Interaction of mannitol and sucrose with gellan gum in freeze-dried gel systems. Food Biophys 2018;13:304-15.
Saha BC, Racine FM. Biotechnological production of mannitol and its applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011;89:879-91.
Patra F, Tomar SK, Arora S. Technological and functional applications of low-calorie sweeteners from lactic acid bacteria. J Food Sci 2009;74:R16-23.
Andre P, Villain F. Free radical scavenging properties of mannitol and its role as a constituent of hyaluronic acid fillers: a literature review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017;39:355-60.
Rapoport SI. Advances in osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier to enhance CNS chemotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001;10:1809-18.
Li XY, Gilmour PS, Donaldson K, MacNee W. Free radical activity and pro-inflammatory effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) in vivo and in vitro. Thorax 1996;51:1216-22.
Eggleston G, Legendre B, Tew T. Indicators of freeze-damaged sugarcane varieties which can predict processing problems. Food Chem 2004;87:119–33.
Eggleston G, Harper W. Determination of sugarcane deterioration at the factory: development of a rapid, easy and inexpensive enzymatic method to measure mannitol. Food Chem 2006;98:366–72.
Su W, Jia N, Li H, Hao H, Li C. Polymorphism of D-mannitol: crystal structure and the crystal growth mechanism. Chinese J Chem Eng 2017;25:358–62.
Yoshinari T, Forbes RT, York P, Kawashima Y. Moisture induced polymorphic transition of mannitol and its morphological transformation. Int J Pharm 2002;247:69-77.
Lyu F, Liu JJ, Zhang Y, Wang XZ. Combined control of morphology and polymorph in spray drying of mannitol for dry powder inhalation. J Cryst Growth 2017:467:155–61.
Lee EH. A practical guide to pharmaceutical polymorph screening and selection. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014;9:163–75.
Tao J, Jones KJ, Yu L. Cross-nucleation between d-mannitol polymorphs in seeded crystallization. Cryst Growth Des 2007;7:2410–14.
Besenhard MO, Neugebauer P, Scheibelhofer O, Khinast JG. Crystal engineering in continuous plug-flow crystallizers. Cryst Growth Des 2017;17:6432-44.
Kaminsky W, Glazer AM. Crystal optics of d-mannitol, C6H14O6: Crystal growth, structure, basic physical properties, birefringence, optical activity, faraday effect, electro-optic effects and model calculations. Zeitschrift Fur Krist Cryst Mater 1997;212. DOI:10.1524/zkri.1997.212.4.283.
Cares Pacheco MG, Vaca Medina G, Calvet R, Espitalier F, Letourneau JJ, Rouilly A, et al. Physicochemical characterization of D-mannitol polymorphs: the challenging surface energy determination by inverse gas chromatography in the infinite dilution region. Int J Pharm 2014;475:69-81.
Hao H, Su W, Barrett M, Caron V, Healy AM, Glennon B. A calibration-free application of raman spectroscopy to the monitoring of mannitol crystallization and its polymorphic transformation. Org Process Res Dev 2010;14:1209–14.
Su W, Hao H, Glennon B, Barrett M. Polymorphic nucleation of d-mannitol in aqueous solution monitored with raman spectroscopy and FBRM. Cryst Growth Des 2013;13:5179–87.
Karthikeyan S, Nagasudhan N, Rogan AN, Senthilkumar A, Leelaprasad G. Transient numerical analysis on the melting characteristics of paraffin and d-mannitol phase change materials for latent thermal energy storage. Mater Today Proc 2021;45:6306-13.
Ward DR, Lathrop LB, Lynch MJ. Dissolution and compatibility considerations for the use of mannitol in solid dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 1969;58:1464–67.
Wang Z. Maillard reaction. In: Comprehensive organic name reactions and reagents; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken NJ, USA; 2010.
Chooluck K, Rojsanga P, Phechkrajang C, Jaturanpinyo M. Bioanalytical method validation for determination of rosmarinic acid in simulated biological media using HPLC. Int J Appl Pharm 2021;13:110-3.
Pereira RN, Valente BR, Cruz AP, Foppa T, Murakami FS, Silva MAS. Thermoanalytical study of atenolol and commercial tablets. Latt Am J Pharm 2007;26:382–6.
Wesolowski M, Rojek B. Thermogravimetric detection of incompatibilities between atenolol and excipients using multivariate techniques. J Therm Anal Calorim 2013;113:169–77.
Tomassetti M, Catalani A, Rossi V, Vecchio S. Thermal analysis study of the interactions between acetaminophen and excipients in solid dosage forms and some binary mixtures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005;37:949-55.
Adkin DA, Davis SS, Sparrow RA, Huckle PD, Wilding IR. The effect of mannitol on the oral bioavailability of cimetidine. J Pharm Sci 1995;84:1405-9.
Late SG, Banga AK. Thermal and non-thermal methods to evaluate compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride with tablet excipients. Pharmazie 2008;63:453-8.
Joshi BV, Patil VB, Pokharkar VB. Compatibility studies between carbamazepine and tablet excipients using thermal and non-thermal methods. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002;28:687-94.
Agatonovic Kustrin S, Markovic N, Ginic Markovic M, Mangan M, Glass BD. Compatibility studies between mannitol and omeprazole sodium isomers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008;48:356-60.
Julio TA, Zamara IF, Garcia JS, Trevisan MG. Compatibility of sildenafil citrate and pharmaceutical excipients by thermal analysis and LC–UV. J Therm Anal Calorim 2013;111:2037–44.
Bertol CD, Cruz AP, Stulzer HK, Murakami FS, Silva MAS. Thermal decomposition kinetics and compatibility studies of primaquine under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. J Therm Anal Calorim 2010;102:187–92.
Raposo F, Ibelli Bianco C. Performance parameters for analytical method validation: controversies and discrepancies among numerous guidelines. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2020;129:115913.
Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: a review. Arab J Chem 2017;10:S1409–S1421.
Hammond JP. The use of spectrophotometry in the pharmaceutical industry. Exp Methods Phys Sci 2014;46:409-56.
Koko MYF, Mu W, Hassanin HAM, Zhang S, Lu H, Mohammed JK, et al. Archaeal hyperthermostable mannitol dehydrogenases: a promising industrial enzymes for d-mannitol synthesis. Food Res Int 2020;137:109638.
Blomquist CH, Snyder BD, Niehaus WG. Improved enzymatic method for determining mannitol and its application to dog serum after mannitol infusion. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1981;19:139-43.
Blood J, Ingle AR, Allison N, Davies GR, Hill PG. Rapid enzymatic method for the measurement of mannitol in urine. Ann Clin Biochem 1991;28:401-6.
Berezenko S, Sturgeon RJ. The enzymic determination of d-mannitol with mannitol dehydrogenase from agaricus bisporus. Carbohydr Res 1992;216:505–9.
Wingler A, Guttenberger M, Hampp R. Determination of mannitol in ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas by enzymatic micro-assays. Mycorrhiza 1993;3:69–73.
Graefe H, Gutschow B, Gehring H, Dibbelt L. Sensitive and specific photometric determination of mannitol in human serum. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1049-55.
Zhang Y, Lee B, Thompson M, Glass R, Cama RI, Figueroa D, et al. Lactulose-mannitol intestinal permeability test in children with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and cryptosporidium. Diarrhea working group peru. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;31:16-21.
Lunn PG, Northrop CA, Northrop AJ. Automated enzymatic assays for the determination of intestinal permeability probes in urine. 2. Mannitol. Clin Chim Acta 1989;183:163-70.
Hessels J, Snoeyink EJ, Platenkamp AJ, Voortman G, Steggink J, Eidhof HH. Assessment of intestinal permeability: enzymatic determination of urinary mannitol, raffinose, sucrose and lactose on hitachi analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:33-8.
Hage DS. Chromatography and electrophoresis. In: Contemporary practice in clinical chemistry, Elsevier; 2019. p. 135–57.
Manius G, Mahn FP, Venturella VS, Senkowski BZ. GLC determination of sorbitol and mannitol in aqueous solutions. J Pharm Sci 1972;61:1831-5.
Sondack DL, Sondack DL. Determination of sorbitol and mannitol in pharmaceuticals by GLC of tris-n-butyldiboronate esters. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:128-9.
Servo C, Palo J, Pitkanen E. Gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification of polyols in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Acta Neurol Scand 1977;56:104-10.
Daniels DH, Warner CR, Fazio T. Gas chromatographic determination of sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol in chewing gum and sorbitol in mints. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982;65:588-91.
Vidal Valverde C, Martin Villa C, Olmedilla B. Improved separation of polyols and carbohydrates by high performance liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr 1982;5:1941–6.
Samarco EC, Parente ES. Automated high pressure liquid chromatographic system for determination of mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol in chewing gums and confections. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982;65:76-8.
Marunaka T, Matsushima E, Umeno Y, Minami Y. GLC-mass fragmentographic determination of mannitol and sorbitol in plasma. J Pharm Sci 1983;72:87-9.
Roboz J, Kappatos DC, Greaves J, Holland JF. Determination of polyols in serum by selected ion monitoring. Clin Chem 1984;30:1611-5.
Ali MS. Rapid quantitative method for the determination of dextrose, mannitol, and sorbitol in meat products by liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr 1988;11:3271–81.
Eades DM, Williamson JR, Sherman WR. Rapid analysis of sorbitol, galactitol, mannitol and myoinositol mixtures from biological sources. J Chromatogr 1989;490:1-8.
Shippee RL, Johnson AA, Cioffi WG, Lasko J, LeVoyer TE, Jordan BS. Simultaneous determination of lactulose and mannitol in urine of burn patients by gas-liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1992;38:343-5.
Willems D, Cadranel S, Jacobs W. Measurement of urinary sugars by HPLC in the estimation of intestinal permeability: evaluation in pediatric clinical practice. Clin Chem 1993;39:888-90.
Relva AMS, das Neves HJC, Ferreira MA. Determination of lactulose and mannitol in urine by HRGC. J High Resolut Chromatogr 1995;18:692–4.
Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI. Capillary gas chromatography combined with ion trap detection for quantitative profiling of polyols in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Anal Biochem 1995;224:279-85.
Martínez Augustin O, Boza JJ, Romera JM, Gil A. A rapid gas-liquid chromatography method for the determination of lactulose and mannitol in urine: clinical application in studies of intestinal permeability. Clin Biochem 1995;28:401-5.
Yada T, Tabuchi Y, Fujii M, Koh T, Tobimatsu Y, Hamasaki N, et al. Determination of xylitol, d-sorbitol and d-mannitol in food by anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Eisei Kagaku 1996;42:417–21.
Bao Y, Silva TM, Guerrant RL, Lima AM, Fox JW. Direct analysis of mannitol, lactulose and glucose in urine samples by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection. Clinical evaluation of intestinal permeability in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996;685:105-12.
Cox MA, Iqbal TH, Cooper BT, Lewis KO. An analytical method for the quantitation of mannitol and disaccharides in serum: a potentially useful technique in measuring small intestinal permeability in vivo. Clin Chim Acta 1997;263:197-205.
Wring SA, Terry A, Causon R, Jenner WN. The electroanalysis of mannitol, xylose and lactulose at copper electrodes: voltammetric studies and bioanalysis in human urine by means of HPLC with electrochemical detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998;16:1213-24.
Yamamoto A, Ohmi H, Matsunaga A, Ando K, Hayakawa K, Nishimura M. Selective determination of d-sorbitol and d-mannitol in foodstuffs by ion chromatography with polarized photometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1998;804:305–9.
Kiyoshima A, Kudo K, Hino Y, Ikeda N. Sensitive and simple determination of mannitol in human brain tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001;758:103-8.
Kiyoshima A, Kudo K, Nishida N, Ikeda N. HPLC simultaneous determination of glycerol and mannitol in human tissues for forensic analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2002;125:127-33.
Liu H, Zhang S, Yu A, Qu L, Zhao Y, Huang H, et al. Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004;14:2339-44.
Risley DS, Yang WQ, Peterson JA. Analysis of mannitol in pharmaceutical formulations using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2006;29:256-64.
Kubica P, Kot Wasik A, Wasik A, Namiesnik J, Landowski P. Modern approach for determination of lactulose, mannitol and sucrose in human urine using HPLC-MS/MS for the studies of intestinal and upper digestive tract permeability. J Chromatogr B: Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012;907:34-40.
Liu W, Xiao X, Song Z, Cheng X, Wei F, Liu Y, et al. Research on determination of mannitol in bailing capsules by HPLC-RID instead of titration. Chinese J Pharm Anal 2014;34:159–62.
Grembecka M, Lebiedzinska A, Szefer P. Simultaneous separation and determination of erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose in food products by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to charged aerosol detector. Microchem J 2014;117:77–82.
Lee GO, Kosek P, Lima AA, Singh R, Yori PP, Olortegui MP, et al. Lactulose: mannitol diagnostic test by HPLC and LC-MSMS platforms: considerations for field studies of intestinal barrier function and environmental enteropathy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;59:544-50.
Mechri B, Tekaya M, Cheheb H, Hammami M. Determination of mannitol sorbitol and myo-inositol in olive tree roots and rhizospheric soil by gas chromatography and effect of severe drought conditions on their profiles. J Chromatogr Sci 2015;53:1631-8.
Butler O, Forder J, Saunders J. Analytical protocol for the sensitive determination of mannitol, sorbitol and glucose containing powders in pharmaceutical workplaces by ion chromatography using a pulsed amperometric detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015;106:204-9.
Dong Y, Yan K, Ma Y, Yang Z, Zhao J, Ding J. A modified LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify glycerol and mannitol concentrations in human urine for doping control purposes. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016;1022:153-8.
Gervasoni J, Schiattarella A, Giorgio V, Primiano A, Russo C, Tesori V, et al. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for urinary lactulose and mannitol quantification: results in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dis Markers 2016;2016:5340386.
Hadjikinova R, Petkova N, Hadjikinov D, Denev P, Hrusavov D. Development and validation of HPLC-RID method for determination of sugars and polyols. J Pharm Sci Res 2017;9:1263–9.
Gervasoni J, Primiano A, Graziani C, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A, Urbani A, et al. Validation of UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of urinary lactulose/mannitol. Molecules 2018;23:2705.
Musa MA, Kabir M, Hossain MI, Ahmed E, Siddique A, Rashid H, et al. Measurement of intestinal permeability using lactulose and mannitol with conventional five hours and shortened two hours urine collection by two different methods: HPAE-PAD and LC-MSMS. PLoS One 2019;14:e0220397.
Noorani B, Chowdhury EA, Alqahtani F, Ahn Y, Patel D, Al-Ahmad A, et al. LC-MS/MS-based in vitro and in vivo investigation of blood-brain barrier integrity by simultaneous quantitation of mannitol and sucrose. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020;17:61.
Wong Y, Or M, Lau H, Wong S, Fung W. Analysis of underivatized alditols in traditional chinese medicines by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry based on ligand exchange chromatography. Sep Sci Plus 2021;4:6-15.
British Pharmacopoeia; London Stationary Office; 2005.
USP 27/NF 27; United States Pharmacopoeial Convection, Inc, Rockville; 2004.
Indian Pharmacopoeia; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad In; 1996.
Farhadi A, Keshavarzian A, Holmes EW, Fields J, Zhang L, Banan A. Gas chromatographic method for detection of urinary sucralose: application to the assessment of intestinal permeability. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003;784:145-54.
Marsilio R, D'Antiga L, Zancan L, Dussini N, Zacchello F. Simultaneous HPLC determination with light-scattering detection of lactulose and mannitol in studies of intestinal permeability in pediatrics. Clin Chem 1998;44:1685-91.
Delahunty T, Hollander D. Liquid-chromatographic method for estimating urinary sugars: applicability to studies of intestinal permeability. Clin Chem 1986;32:1542-4.
Campbell Roberts SN, Williams AC, Grimsey IM, Booth SW. Quantitative analysis of mannitol polymorphs. X-ray powder diffractometry--exploring preferred orientation effects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002;28:1149-59.
Chen G, Zhang L, Wu X, Ye J. Determination of mannitol and three sugars in ligustrum lucidum ait. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 2005;530:15–21.
Paroni R, Fermo I, Molteni L, Folini L, Pastore MR. Lactulose and mannitol intestinal permeability detected by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006;834:183-7.
Pospisilova M, Polasek M, Safra J, Petriska I. Determination of mannitol and sorbitol in infusion solutions by capillary zone electrophoresis using on-column complexation with borate and indirect spectrophotometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2007;1143:258-63.
Braun DE, Maas SG, Zencirci N, Langes C, Urbanetz NA, Griesser UJ. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of ternary mixtures of D-mannitol polymorphs by FT-raman spectroscopy and multivariate calibration models. Int J Pharm 2010;385:29-36.
Stryeck S, Horvath A, Leber B, Stadlbauer V, Madl T. NMR spectroscopy enables simultaneous quantification of carbohydrates for diagnosis of intestinal and gastric permeability. Sci Rep 2018;8:14650.
Cordero C, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Gas chromatography. Chem Anal Food 2020. p. 457.
AI Ruiz Matute, S Rodrıguez-Sa Nchez, ML Sanz, AC Soria. Chromatographic technique: gas chromatography (GC). Modern Techniques Food Authentication; 2018. p. 424.
Fang X, Xie J, Chu S, Jiang Y, An Y, Li C, et al. Quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry system for clinical biomarker analysis. Engineering 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.10.021.
Pereira VR, Hosker BS. Low-cost (<€5), open-source, potential alternative to commercial spectrophotometers. PLoS Biol 2019;17:e3000321.
Moldoveanu SC, David V. The practice of HPLC, Editor(s): Moldoveanu SC, David V. Selection of the HPLC Method in Chemical Analysis; 2017. p. 464.
LaCourse ME, LaCourse WR. General instrumentation in HPLC. Liquid Chromatography; 2017. p. 422.
Sun Z, Wang X, Andersson R. Role of intestinal permeability in monitoring mucosal barrier function. History, methodology, and significance of pathophysiology. Dig Surg 1998;1:386–97.
Camilleri M, Nadeau A, Lamsam J, Nord SL, Ryks M, Burton D, et al. Understanding measurements of intestinal permeability in healthy humans with urine lactulose and mannitol excretion. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;2:e15–e26.
Denno DM, VanBuskirk K, Nelson ZC, Musser CA, Hay Burgess DC, Tarr PI. Use of the lactulose to mannitol ratio to evaluate childhood environmental enteric dysfunction: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(Suppl 4):S213–S219.
Płotka Wasylka J, Gałuszka A, Namiesnik J. Green analytical chemistry: summary of existing knowledge and future trends. J Płotka Wasylka J Namiesnik. (eds.) Green Analytical Chemistry, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd; 2019.
Gałuszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namiesnik J. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. Trends Anal Chem 2013;50:78-84.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 ALANKAR SHRIVASTAVA, SANJAY SHARMA, MONIKA KAURAV, ABHISHEK SHARMA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
