THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CITRONELLA OIL MICROEMULSION AS A REPELLENT OF AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO

AGUS SUBAGIYO; ARIF WIDYANTO; KHOMSATUN; ITA PRAMUDIA ANANTA; DHADHANG WAHYU KURNIAWAN

doi:10.22159/ijap.2022v14i3.44217

Authors

AGUS SUBAGIYO Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Polytechnic of Health Semarang, Jl. Tirto Agung Pedalangan Banyumanik Semarang, 50268, Indonesia
ARIF WIDYANTO Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Polytechnic of Health Semarang, Jl. Tirto Agung Pedalangan Banyumanik Semarang, 50268, Indonesia
KHOMSATUN Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Polytechnic of Health Semarang, Jl. Tirto Agung Pedalangan Banyumanik Semarang, 50268, Indonesia
ITA PRAMUDIA ANANTA Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Dr. Suparno Kampus Unsoed Karangwangkal Purwokerto, Central Java, 53123, Indonesia
DHADHANG WAHYU KURNIAWAN Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Dr. Suparno Kampus Unsoed Karangwangkal Purwokerto, Central Java, 53123, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i3.44217

Keywords:

Citronella oil, Microemulsion, Repellent, Aedes aegypti, Mosquito

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of Citronella oil microemulsion as a repellent for the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

Methods: The preparation of Citronella oil microemulsion was carried out through a high-speed homogenization technique. The microemulsion was formulated with a base of 100 g, consists of Citronella oil in several concentrations 5%, 10%, and 15%, emulsifier (Tween 80 and Tween 20) 10-20% by weight of citronella oil and 80-90% distilled water, made into six formulas (F). The microemulsions were then evaluated for the organoleptic, pH, and transmittance.

Results: Based on the organoleptic test showed that F1 was selected as the best formula, a microemulsion with an active ingredient of Citronella oil in a concentration of 5% and an emulsifier 10%. The average pH was 5.35 according to normal skin pH (4-6.5) and the average size of the microemulsion is 2.42±0.09 µm and the PdI (polydispersity index) is 0.68±0.1. The protection power of F1 repellent was 90%, this result showed a significant difference (p-value of 0.005) as compared to Citronella oil without modification (70%), significantly different (p-value 0.001) with Tween 80–Tween 20 (10%) and not significantly different (p-value 0.145) with chemical repellent Product X (97%).

Conclusion: Based on the result, it was concluded that the protective power of Citronella oil Microemulsion F1 was almost like chemical repellent Product X.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Khalik S. Beware deadly dengue virus lurking in homes. Opinion/beware-the-deadly-virus-lurking-in-our-homes; 2020. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com. [Last accessed on 11 Jan 2022]

Halstead SB, Cohen SN. Dengue hemorrhagic fever at 60 years: early evolution of concepts of causation and treatment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2015;79(3):281-91. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00009-15, PMID 26085471.

Wang WH, Urbina AN, Chang MR, Assavalapsakul W, Lu PL, Chen YH, Wang SF. Dengue hemorrhagic fever- A systemic literature review of current perspectives on pathogenesis, prevention and control. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(6):963-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.007. PMID 32265181.

Kurniawan DW, Agustina VN, Sunarto, Wibowo GA, Syamsu Hidayat MZ. Formulation of cinnamon bark essential oil gel as mosquito repellent. Int J App Pharm. 2022;14(1):208-12. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43034.

Xue RD, Barnard DR, Ali A. Laboratory evaluation of 18 repellent compounds as oviposition deterrents of Aedes albopictus and as larvicides of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003 Dec;19(4):397-403. PMID 14710743.

Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B. DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ. 2003;169(3):209-12. PMID 12900480.

Pohlit AM, Lopes NP, Gama RA, Tadei WP, Neto VF. Patent literature on mosquito repellent inventions which contain plant essential oils--a review. Planta Med. 2011;77(6):598-617. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1270723, PMID 21328177.

Tisgratog R, Sanguanpong U, Grieco JP, Ngoen-Kluan R, Chareonviriyaphap T. Plants traditionally used as mosquito repellents and the implication for their use in vector control. Acta Trop. 2016;157:136-44. doi: 10.1016/ j.actatropica.2016.01.024, PMID 26826392. actatropica. 2016.01.024.

Sharma R, Rao R, Kumar S, Mahant S, Khatkar S. Therapeutic potential of citronella essential oil: a review. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2019;16(4):330-9. doi: 10.2174/ 1570163815666180718095041, PMID 30019646.

Callender SP, Mathews JA, Kobernyk K, Wettig SD. Microemulsion utility in pharmaceuticals: implications for multi-drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2017;526(1-2):425-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.005. PMID 28495500.

Gaspar de Toledo L, Dos Santos Ramos MA, Bento da Silva P, Rodero CF, de Sa Gomes V, Noronha da Silva A, Pavan FR, da Silva IC, Bombarda Oda F, Flumignan DL, Gonzaga Dos Santos A, Chorilli M, Gottardo de Almeida MT, Bauab TM. Improved in vitro and in vivo anti-candida albicans activity of cymbopogon nardus essential oil by its incorporation into a microemulsion system. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:10481-97. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S275258, PMID 33402821.

Shukla T, Upmanyu N, Agrawal M, Saraf S, Saraf S, Alexander A. Biomedicine and pharmacotherapy biomedical applications of microemulsion through dermal and transdermal route. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108(Oct):1477-94. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.021.

Yadav V, Jadhav P, Kanase K, Bodhe A, Dombe S. Preparation and evaluation of microemulsion containing an antihypertensive drug. Int J App Pharm. 2018;10(5):138-46. doi: 10.22159/ ijap.2018v10i5.27415.

Zhao J, Jiang K, Chen Y, Chen J, Zheng Y, Yu H, Zhu J. Preparation and characterization of microemulsions based on Antarctic krill oil. Mar Drugs. 2020;18(10). doi: 10.3390/md18100492, PMID 32993042.

Egito EST, Amaral Machado L, Alencar EN, Oliveira AG. Microemulsion systems: from the design and architecture to the building of a new delivery system for multiple-route drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2021;11(5):2108-33. doi: 10.1007/s13346-020-00872-8, PMID 33164165.

Kurniawan DW, Booijink R, Pater L, Wols I, Vrynas A, Storm G. Fibroblast growth factor 2 conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FGF2-SPIONs) ameliorate hepatic stellate cells activation in vitro and acute liver injury in vivo. J Control Release. 2020 Dec;328:640-52. doi: 10.1016/ j.jconrel.2020.09.041, PMID 32979454.

Yoon JK, Kim KC, Cho YD, Cho HS, Lee YW, Choi BK, Oh YK, Kim YB. Development and evaluation of a semifield test for repellent efficacy testing. J Med Entomol. 2014;51(1):182-8. doi: 10.1603/me13081, PMID 24605468.

Who. Guidelines for efficacy testing of mosquito repellents for human skin. Who/HTM/Ntd/Whopes/20094; 2009. p. 1-6.

Patel V, Kukadiya H, Mashru R, Surti N, Mandal S. Development of microemulsion for solubility enhancement of clopidogrel. Iran J Pharm Res. 2010;9(4):327-34. PMID 24381597.

Vadlamudi HC, Narendran H, Nagaswaram T, Yaga G, Thanniru J, Yalavarthi PR. Microemulsions based transdermal drug delivery systems. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2014;11(3):169-80. doi: 10.2174/157016381103141128113034, PMID 25466399.

Hsu WS, Yen JH, Wang YS. Formulas of components of citronella oil against mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). J Environ Sci Health B. 2013;48(11):1014-9. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2013.816613, PMID 23998314.

Yoon JK, Kim KC, Cho Y, Gwon YD, Cho HS, Heo Y, Park K, Lee YW, Kim M, Oh YK, Kim YB. Comparison of repellency effect of mosquito repellents for DEET, citronella, and fennel oil. J Parasitol Res. 2015;2015:361021. doi: 10.1155/2015/361021, PMID 26527362.

Szumała P, Macierzanka A. Topical delivery of pharmaceutical and cosmetic macromolecules using microemulsion systems. Int J Pharm. 2022 Jan;615:121488. doi: 10.1016/ j.ijpharm.2022.121488.

Talhouni AA, Alkrad JA, Al-Dabbagh MM, Abazid H, Hussein-Al-Ali SH. Transdermal of atenolol via microemulsions. Int J App Pharm. 2019;11(2):164-71. doi: 10.22159/ ijap.2019v11i2.30089.