EVALUATION OF AN ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO INCORPORATING ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM CORN SILK (ZEA MAYS L.) AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS FUNGUS: FORMULATION AND ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

LENY; MELIA  SARI; MANDIKE GINTING; MELISA; BENNI ISKANDAR

doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16i6.51807

Authors

LENY Faculty of Pharmacy and Health, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia, Medan-20124, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3119-0375
MELIA SARI Faculty of Pharmacy and Health, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia, Medan-20124, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7605-7271
MANDIKE GINTING Faculty of Pharmacy and Health, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia, Medan-20124, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-8392
MELISA Faculty of Pharmacy and Health, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia, Medan-20124, Indonesia
BENNI ISKANDAR School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei-11031, Taiwan. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau (STIFAR), Pekanbaru-28289, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-8357

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16i6.51807

Keywords:

Anti-dandruff, Candida albicans fungus, Corn silk (Zea mays L.), Shampoo

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extract as an antifungal ingredient in shampoo formulation for treating dandruff caused by Candida albicans.

Methods: Plant identification, sampling, preparation of simplisia, phytochemical screening, simplisia characterization, ethanol extraction of corn silk, and the formulation of shampoos with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, alongside blank and positive controls. The formulations underwent physical evaluation, irritation testing, and antifungal activity testing using the disc diffusion method.

Results: The corn silk shampoo formulations were stable during storage, non-irritating, was in thick liquid form with yellowish to brown colour, corn scent, had pH between 5.0-5.8, foaming capacity at 10.3-13.0 cm, with the viscocity ranging 1967-2224 cPs, means it met the required standards for shampoo formulation and characterization. Antifungal testing revealed inhibition zone diameters of 0 mm for the blank (F0), 7.87 mm for F1 (5%), 9.46 mm for F2 (10%), 15.89 mm for F3 (15%), and 18.71 mm for the positive control (C+), with a one-way ANOVA test indicating a significant difference compared to the negative control.

Conclusion: Corn silk extract could be effectively formulated into an antifungal shampoo, with the 15% concentration being the most effective against Candida albicans, highlighting its potential as a natural ingredient for anti-dandruff shampoos.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Sawangwong W, Kiattisin K, Somwongin S, Wongrattanakamon P, Chaiyana W, Poomanee W. The assessment of composition biological properties safety and molecular docking of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extracts from the valorization of agricultural waste products in Thailand. Ind Crops Prod. 2024 Jun;212:118352. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118352.

LI P, Huang Y, Zhu H, Chen J, Ren G, Jiang D. Authentication chemical profiles analysis and quality evaluation of corn silk via DNA barcoding and UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS chemical profiling. Food Res Int. 2023 May;167:112667. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112667.

Dong W, Zhao Y, Hao Y, Sun G, Huo J, Wang W. Integrated molecular biology and metabonomics approach to understand the mechanism underlying reduction of insulin resistance by corn silk decoction. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Feb 10;284:114756. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114756, PMID 34666141.

Salam M, Ibrahim BMM, Elbaset MA, Abou Baker DH, Zikri EN, El gengaihi S. A pharmacological and toxicological biochemical study of cardiovascular regulatory effects of hibiscus corn silk marjoram and chamomile. Heliyon. 2023 Dec 22;10(1):e22659. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22659.

Wan K, MA L, Chen D, LI Z, Zouboulis CC, Chang K. Preparation and decolorization of sapindus mukurossi extract and its application in sebum control shampoos. Journal of Dermatologic Science and Cosmetic Technology. 2024;1(2):100006. doi: 10.1016/j.jdsct.2024.100006.

Kaur D, Kaur D, Bains N, Chopra A Arora P. Antianxiety evaluation of extracts of stigma maydis (corn silk). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;8(8):309-12.

Kundu M, Krishnan P, Vashist A, Sethi S, Kumar R, Chawla G. Development of the sustainable green nanosensor using corn silk extract for nitrate detection in leafy vegetables. Biosens Bioelectron. 2024 Sep 15;260:116447. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116447, PMID 38820723.

Zambotti Villela L, Colepicolo P, DA Hora NRS, Santana LF, DA Silva VDA, Costa SL. Identification of bioactive metabolites from corn silk extracts by a combination of metabolite profiling, univariate statistical analysis and chemometrics. Food Chem. 2021;365:130479. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130479.

Thapliyal U, Negi S. Biosurfactants: recent trends in healthcare applications. Mater Today Proc. 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.380.

Yin CS. Minh Nguyen TT, Eun JI YI, Zheng S. Efficacy of probiotics in hair growth and dandruff control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024 Apr 16;10(9):e29539. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29539.

Turlier VT. 306 new antidandruff shampoo targeting oily dandruff: evaluation program and results. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;142(8):s52. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.314.

Mushtaq S, Zaman F. Evaluation of polyherbal unani shampoo used in dandruff. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2022;15(2):90-3. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i2.43929.

Abirami S, Priyalakshmi M, Soundariya A, Samrot AV, Saigeetha S, Emilin RR. Antimicrobial activity antiproliferative activity amylase inhibitory activity and phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of corn (Zea mays L.) silk. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem. 2021;4:100089. doi: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100089.

Chen G, JI C, Miao M, Yang K, Luo Y, Hoptroff M. Ex-vivo measurement of scalp follicular infundibulum delivery of zinc pyrithione and climbazole from an anti-dandruff shampoo. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017 Sep 5;143:26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.031, PMID 28550716.

Billhimer W, Copas M, Margraf C, Draelos ZD, Kenneally DC, Hodges LT. A comparison of hair quality and cosmetic acceptance following the use of two anti-dandruff shampoos. Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings. 2005;10(3):201-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10127.x.

Indrawati T, simanjuntak L, Pratami DK. Hair tonic shampoo formulation with ambon banana (Musa acuminata colla) corm extract. Int J App Pharm. 2020;12(5):279-85. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2020v12i5.37918.

O’Brien KA, Basketter DA, Jones P, Dixit M. An in vitro study of the eye irritation potential of new shampoo formulations. Toxicol In Vitro. 1994;8(2):257-61. doi: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90191-0, PMID 20692914.

Yavrukova VI, Radulova GM, Danov KD, Kralchevsky PA, XU H, Ung YW. Rheology of mixed solutions of sulfonated methyl esters and betaine in relation to the growth of giant micelles and shampoo applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020 Jan;275:102062. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102062, PMID 31718784.

AV. formulation and evaluation of herbal shampoo. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(4):121-4. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s4.31713.

Singh RS, Kaur N, Singh D, Purewal SS, Kennedy JF. Pullulan in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Mar 15;231:123353. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123353, PMID 36681225.

Chabib L, Suryani A, Munawiroh SZ, Mariyam S, Nafiah Z, Laksitorini MD. Enhancing the physical characteristics and shelf life of rice water (Oryza sativa l.) gel shampoo: the role of propylene glycol concentration. Int J App Pharm. 2024;16(2):364-70. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2024v16i2.49766.

AlQuadeib BT, Eltahir EK, Banafa RA, Al-Hadhairi LA. Pharmaceutical evaluation of different shampoo brands in local Saudi market. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.10.006, PMID 29379340.

Patel, Talathi A. Use of traditional Indian herbs for the formulation of shampoo and their comparative analysis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8(3):28-32.

Zhu Y, LI Y, LI X, Chen T, Zhao H, Zhou H. Activities of polysaccharide fractions from corn silk: hemostatic immune and anti-lung cancer potentials. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;262(2):130156. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130156, PMID 38367774.

Zhang H, LI Y, Gao G, Song T, Zhang K, Yao Y. Composite cathodes and modified separators based on corn silk based porous carbon for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. J Mater Res Technol. 2022;19:1590-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.151.

Makvandi P, Ali GW, Della Sala F, Abdel Fattah WI, Borzacchiello A. Biosynthesis and characterization of antibacterial thermosensitive hydrogels based on corn silk extract hyaluronic acid and nanosilver for potential wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Nov 1;223:115023. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115023, PMID 31427021.

Chalivendra P, Ganjikunta RK, Rao KU, Pullakanam RP. In vitro assessment of natural herbal extracts for antimicrobial activity. Int J Curr Pharm Sci. 2023;15(2):22-5. doi: 10.22159/ijcpr.2023v15i2.2079.

Zhou M, LI K, HU J, Tang L, LI M, SU L. Sustainable production of oxygen rich hierarchically porous carbon network from corn straw lignin and silk degumming wastewater for high-performance electrochemical energy storage. Renew Energy. 2022 May;191:141-50. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.037.

Silva AF, DE Andrade JP, Machado KR, Rocha AB, Apel MA, Sobral ME. Screening for cytotoxic activity of extracts and isolated alkaloids from bulbs of hippeastrum vittatum. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(10):882-5. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.12.001, PMID 18304791.

Hossain MA, AL-Raqmi KA, AL-Mijizy ZH, Weli AM, Al-Riyami Q. Study of total phenol flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(9):705-10. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60142-2, PMID 23998010.

Yuan G, Jia Y, Pan Y, LI W, Wang C, XU L. Preparation and characterization of shrimp shell waste protein-based films modified with oolong tea corn silk and black soybean seed coat extracts. Polym Test. 2020 Jan;81:106235. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106235.

Zilic S, Jankovic M, Basic Z, Vancetovic J, Maksimovic V. Antioxidant activity phenolic profile chlorophyll and mineral matter content of corn silk (Zea mays L): comparison with medicinal herbs. J Cereal Sci. 2016 May;69:363-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.05.003.

Lai W, YE X, Lei H, Zheng W, Xiang C, Cheng W. More microscopic interfacial segregation slowers macroscopic grain growth: a case in WC-Co cemented carbides. Ceram Int. 2024;50(15):26654-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.393.

Vakh C, Mallabaeva Z, Tobiszewski M. Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry for the determination of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper extracts. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2024 Jul 5;315:124238. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124238, PMID 38593543.

Sookwong P, Suttiarporn P, Boontakham P, Seekhow P, Wangtueai S, Mahatheeranont S. Simultaneous quantification of vitamin E γ-oryzanols and xanthophylls from rice bran essences extracted by supercritical CO2. Food Chem. 2016;211:140-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.001, PMID 27283617.

Ferreira Anta T, Florez Fernandez N, Dominguez H, Torres MD. A rheological approach of seawater-based natural cosmetics with extracts from sonicated medicinal herbs. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2023 Dec;36:101263. doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2023.101263.

Staub I, Schapoval EE, Bergold AM. Microbiological assay of ketoconazole in shampoo. Int J Pharm. 2005;292(1-2):195-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.001, PMID 15725566.

Leulmi H, diatta G, sokhna C, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Assessment of oral ivermectin versus shampoo in the treatment of pediculosis (head lice infestation) in rural areas of sine saloum senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(6):627-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.014, PMID 27866866.

Zandraa O, Ngwabebhoh FA, Patwa R, Nguyen HT, Motiei M, Saha N. Development of dual crosslinked mumio-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing application: Physico chemistry and antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm. 2021 Sep;607:120952. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120952, PMID 34329699.

Shettar SS, Bagewadi ZK, Yunus Khan TM, Mohamed Shamsudeen S, Kolvekar HN. Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2024;31(7):104009. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104009, PMID 38766505.

Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Sui Y, DU Y, Yang L. Antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of patchouli alcohol against candida albicans. Int J Med Microbiol. 2024;314:151596. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151596, PMID 38128407.

Martinez A, Rojas N, Garcia L, Gonzalez F, Dominguez M, catalan A. In vitro activity of terpenes against candida albicans and ultrastructural alterations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;118(5):553-9. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.009, PMID 25442491.

Kim YH, Lee K. Characterization of aerosols produced during shampoo use and harmful chemicals in shampoo aerosols. Environ Res. 2022 Mar;204:111957. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111957, PMID 34478728.

Afshar Mogaddam MR, Altunay N, Tuzen M, Katin KP, Nemati M, Lotfipour F. Headspace µ-solid phase extraction of 1,4–dioxane and 2–methyl–1,3–dioxolane from shampoo samples in a home mode device and large volume injection of deep eutectic solvent: theoretical and experimental studies. Microchem J. 2022 Feb;173:107040. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107040.

Petrovic M, Sostaric T, Stojanovic M, Milojkovic J, Mihajlovic M, Stanojevic M. Removal of Pb2+ ions by raw corn silk (Zea mays L.) as a novel biosorbent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2016 Jan;58:407-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.06.025.

Sarepoua E, Tangwongchai R, Suriharn B, Lertrat K. Influence of variety and harvest maturity on phytochemical content in corn silk. Food Chem. 2015 Feb 15;169:424-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.136, PMID 25236247.

Cooper KJ, Earl LK, Harbell J, Raabe H. Prediction of ocular irritancy of prototype shampoo formulations by the isolated rabbit eye (ire) test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability (bcop) assay. Toxicol In Vitro. 2001;15(2):95-103. doi: 10.1016/s0887-2333(00)00060-6, PMID 11287169.

LI R, Pan Y, LI N, Wang Q, Chen Y, Phisalaphong M. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of a green synthesized silver nanoparticles using corn silk aqueous extract. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects. 2020 Aug 5;598:124827. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124827.

Al Badi K, Khan SA. Formulation evaluation and comparison of the herbal shampoo with the commercial shampoos. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2014;3(4):301-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.11.005.

Wang H, Qin Z, Zhang Y, Liu D, Cao Y. Complexation between poly (styrene-co-methacrylic acid) and polyquaternium for use in shampoo formulations. J Mol Liq. 2023 Jun 1;379:121692. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121692.

Iskandar B, Mei HC, Liu TW, Lin HM, Lee CK. Evaluating the effects of surfactant types on the properties and stability of oil in water Rhodiola rosea nanoemulsion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2024 Feb;234:113692. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113692, PMID 38104466.

DE Cassia Comis Wagner R, Joekes I. Hair protein removal by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2005;41(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.10.023, PMID 15698750.

Warner RR, Schwartz JR, Boissy Y, Dawson TL. Dandruff has an altered stratum corneum ultrastructure that is improved with zinc Pyrithione shampoo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(6):897-903. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.117849, PMID 11712036.

Draelos ZD. Shampoos conditioners and camouflage techniques. Dermatol Clin. 2013;31(1):173-8. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2012.08.004, PMID 23159186.

Sanchez Macias D, Seraquive Gualan N, Saldaña Munoz B, Pena Zuniga E, Miranda Yuquilema J. Shampoo made with goat milk yogurt: physicochemical characteristics dirt dispersion and conditioning performance. Small Rumin Res. 2023 Nov;228:107111. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107111.

Sousa AP, Castro GS, Tavares CP, Vale TL, Costa Junior LM, Soares AS. In vitro assessment of the acaricidal activity of a carvacrol shampoo on tick larvae. Exp Parasitol. 2022 Nov;242:108364. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108364, PMID 36027929.