PHARMACOGNOSTICAL SCREENING AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN ETHANOL SEED EXTRACT BY DIFFERENT IN VITRO MODELS

Alok Bhardwaj; Ketan P. Modi

doi:10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16362

Authors

Alok Bhardwaj School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education, Greater Noida
Ketan P. Modi B.K. Mody Govt. Pharmacy College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16362

Keywords:

Nelumbo nucifera, Antioxidant, Pharmacognostical, Seed extract

Abstract

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn ethanol seed extract by different in vitro models.

Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocols with some modifications. The various concentrations of ethanol seed extract of Nelumbo nucifera were evaluated for antioxidant activity using the standard in vitro methods like hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging assay, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay, reducing power capacity assessment, Î²-Carotene bleaching assay, ferric thiocyanate method (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay.

Results: Extractive values, ash values and moisture content values of Nelumbo nucifera were found to be as per the IP 2007 and Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia standard. Among the four extracts viz. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous, the ethanol extract showed significant antioxidant activity. The ethanol seed extract of Nelumbo nucifera (NNSE) exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 12.65 Âµg/ml) in 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In FTC method the absorbance of NNSE increased slowly, which shows strong antioxidant ability. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed 6 spots with the Rf values 0.41, 0.47, 0.59, 0.65, 0.67, 0.74 with the solvent system of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:4:0.5, v/v/v). The high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) revealed the spots at Rf values 0.65 and 0.68. These fractions obtained by preparative TLC also confirmed the same.

Conclusion: The present investigation suggested that the NNSE has significant antioxidant activity. These results clearly indicate that Nelumbo nucifera is effective against free radical mediated diseases, thus replacing the synthetic ones.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Shies H. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Angew Chem Int Ed 1986;25:1058-71.

Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.

Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 3rd Ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 1199.

Keerthana G, Kalaivani MK, Sumathy A. In vitro alpha-amylase inhibitor and antioxidant activities of ethanol leaf extract of Croton bonplandianum. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013;6:32-26.

Cadens E, Davies KJA. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and ageing. Free Radicals Biol Med 2000;29:222-30.

Shen MJ, Schopf JW, Harbottle G, Cao RJ, Ouyang S, Zhou KS, et al. Long-living lotus: germination and soil irradiation of centuries-old fruits and its cultivation, growth and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring. Am J Bot 2002;89:236-47.

Munish G, Singhal T. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and its herbal solution. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2013;4:3341-6.

Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: an overview. J Pharm Photochem 2014;2:69-73.

Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, Leppert M, Risch N, Drayna D. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 2003;299:1221-5.

Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in-vitro methods, evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J 2013;21:143-52.

Jayaprakash GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. The antioxidant activity of grape seed extracts on peroxidation models in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2001;55:1018-22.

Sreejayan, Rao MN. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:105-7.

Yildirim A, Mavi A, Kara AA. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex Crispus L extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2001;9:4083-9.

Dapkevicius A, Venskutonis R, Beek TA, Linssen JPH. The antioxidant activity of extracts obtained by different isolation procedures from some aromatic herbs grown in Lithuania. J Sci Food Agric 1998;77:140-6.

Duarte Almeida JM. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity using the Î²-carotene/linoleic acid system and the DPPH scavenging method. Cienc Tecnol Aliment 2006;26:446-52.

Osawa T, Namiki M. A novel type of antioxidant isolated from the leaf wax of Eucalyptus leaves. Agric Biol Chem 1981;45:735-9.

Kunitomo J, Yoshikawa Y, Tanaka S, Imori Y, Isoi Y, Masada Y, et al. Alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera. Phytochemistry 1973; 12:699-701.

Vaidyaratnam PS, Variers P. Indian medicinal plants orient Longman Limited, New Delhi; 1994;1:58-9.

Grice HC. Safety evaluation of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the liver, lung and gastrointestinal tract. Food Chem Toxicol 1986;24:1127-30.

Espin JC, Soler RC, Wichers HJ, Garcia VC. Anthocyanin-based natural colourants: a new source of antiradical activity for foodstuff. J Natu Prod 2000;48:1588-92.

Lim SN, Cheung PCK, Ooi VEC, Ang PO. Evaluation of the antioxidative activity of extracts from brown seaweed Sargassum siliquastrum. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3862-6.

Jayaprakasha GK, Jaganmohan Rao L, Sakariah KK. Antioxidant activities of flavidin in differences in vitro model systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2004;12:5141-6.

Sreejayan N, Rao MNA. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:105-7.

Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry and role in human diseases. Am J Med 1991;91:14-22.

Soare JR, Dinis TCP, Cunha AP, Almeida LM. Antioxidant activity of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radical Res 1997;26:469-78.

Dorman HJD, Peltoketo A, Hiltunen R, Tikkanen MJ. Characterization of the antioxidant properties of deodorized aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chem 2003;83:255-62.

Gordon MH. The mechanism of antioxidant action in vitro. Hudson BJF. Ed. Food antioxidants. London: Elsevier Applied Sciences; 1990. p. 1-18.

Kavimani S, Saminathan K, Senthil K. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Dolichandrone atrovirens using various in vitro assay models. Int J Phytopharmacol 2014;5:293-300.

Hagerman AE, Riedl KM, Jones GA, Sovik KN, Ritchard NT, Hartzfeld PW, et al. High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:1887-92.

DrÃ¶ge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002;82:47-95.

Sreejayan N, Rao MNA. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:105-7.

GK Jayaprakasha, RP Singh, KK Sakariah. The antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on the peroxidation in vitro models. Food Chem 2001;73:285-90.